Imikorere yibikoresho bikingira bigira ingaruka muburyo bwiza, gutunganya neza no gukoresha insinga ninsinga. Imikorere yibikoresho bikingira bigira ingaruka muburyo bwiza, gutunganya neza no gukoresha insinga ninsinga.
1.PVC polyvinyl chloride insinga ninsinga
Polyvinyl chloride (aha ni ukuvuga nkaPVC. Ukurikije porogaramu zitandukanye nibisabwa biranga insinga ninsinga, formula ihindurwa uko bikwiye. Nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo yumusaruro nogukoresha, tekinoroji yo gutunganya no gutunganya PVC imaze gukura cyane. PVC itanga ibikoresho ifite porogaramu nini cyane murwego rwinsinga ninsinga kandi ifite ibintu byihariye biranga:
A. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora rirakuze, ryoroshye gukora no gutunganya. Ugereranije nubundi bwoko bwibikoresho byo kubika insinga, ntabwo bifite igiciro gito gusa, ahubwo birashobora no kugenzura neza itandukaniro ryamabara, gloss, gucapa, gutunganya neza, koroshya no gukomera kwubuso bwinsinga, gufatana numuyoboro, hamwe nubukanishi nubumubiri hamwe nibikoresho byamashanyarazi byinsinga ubwayo.
B. Ifite imikorere myiza ya flame retardant, bityo insinga za PVC zishobora kuzuza byoroshye amanota ya retardant yagenwe nuburinganire butandukanye.
C. Kubijyanye no kurwanya ubushyuhe, binyuze muburyo bwo kunoza no kunoza ibintu bifatika, ubwoko bukunze gukoreshwa muburyo bwa PVC burimo ibyiciro bitatu bikurikira:
Kubijyanye na voltage yagenwe, mubisanzwe ikoreshwa murwego rwa voltage iri kuri 1000V AC no munsi yayo, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa cyane mubikorwa nkibikoresho byo murugo, ibikoresho na metero, amatara, hamwe numuyoboro.
PVC nayo ifite ibibi byihariye bigabanya ikoreshwa ryayo:
A. Bitewe na chlorine nyinshi, izasohora umwotsi mwinshi iyo utwitse, ishobora gutera guhumeka, ikagira ingaruka ku kugaragara, kandi ikabyara kanseri na gaze ya HCl, bikangiza cyane ibidukikije. Hamwe niterambere ryumwotsi muke wa zeru halogen ikora ibikoresho byo gukora ibikoresho, gusimbuza buhoro buhoro insimburangingo ya PVC byabaye inzira byanze bikunze mugutezimbere insinga.
B. Ibisanzwe bya PVC birwanya aside na alkalis, amavuta yubushyuhe, hamwe na solge organic. Ukurikije ihame ryimiti nkibishonga nka, insinga za PVC zikunda kwangirika no gucika mubidukikije byavuzwe. Ariko, hamwe nibikorwa byayo byiza byo gutunganya nigiciro gito. Umugozi wa PVC uracyakoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo murugo, ibikoresho byo kumurika, ibikoresho bya mashini, ibikoresho na metero, itumanaho ryumuyoboro, insinga zubaka nizindi nzego.
2. Ihuza insinga za polyethylene ninsinga
Kwambukiranya PE (aha ni ukuvuga nkaXLPE) ni ubwoko bwa polyethylene ishobora kuva mumurongo wa molekuline igororotse igahinduka imiterere-itatu-yimiterere-yimiterere itatu mubihe bimwe na bimwe bitewe nimirasire yingufu nyinshi cyangwa ibikoresho bihuza. Muri icyo gihe, ihinduka kuva muri thermoplastique ikabura plastike ya termosetting.
Kugeza ubu, mugukoresha insinga ninsinga, hariho uburyo butatu bwo guhuza:
A. Guhuza Peroxide: Harimo kubanza gukoresha resin ya polyethylene ifatanije nuburyo bukwiye bwo guhuza hamwe na antioxydants, hanyuma ukongeramo ibindi bice bikenewe kugirango ubyare ibice bivangwa na polyethylene bivanze. Mugihe cyo gukuramo ibicuruzwa, guhuza bibaho binyuze mumashanyarazi ashyushye ahuza imiyoboro.
B. Guhuza Silane (guhuza amazi ashyushye guhuza): Ubu ni nuburyo bwo guhuza imiti. Uburyo nyamukuru bwayo ni uguhuza organosiloxane na polyethylene mubihe byihariye, a
nd urwego rwo guhuza rushobora kugera kuri 60%.
C. Irradiation ihuza: Ikoresha imirasire yingufu nyinshi nka R-imirasire, imirasire ya alpha, nimirasire ya electron kugirango ikore atome ya karubone muri macromolecules ya polyethylene kandi itera guhuza. Imirasire yingufu nyinshi ikunze gukoreshwa mu nsinga ninsinga ni imirasire ya electron ikorwa na moteri yihuta. Kubera ko uku guhuza gushingiye ku mbaraga z'umubiri, ni iy'umubiri uhuza.
Uburyo butatu buvuzwe haruguru butandukanye buranga ibintu bitandukanye nibisabwa:
Ugereranije na thermoplastique polyethylene (PVC), izirinda XLPE rifite ibyiza bikurikira:
A. Yongereye imbaraga zo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwo guhindura ubushyuhe, itezimbere imiterere yubukanishi ku bushyuhe bwinshi, kandi inoza uburyo bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije no gusaza.
B. Yongereye imiti ihamye kandi irwanya ubukana, igabanya ubukonje, kandi ahanini ikomeza gukora amashanyarazi yumwimerere. Ubushyuhe bwigihe kirekire bwakazi burashobora kugera kuri 125 ℃ na 150 ℃. Umuyoboro wa polyethylene uhujwe na insinga na kabili nabyo bitezimbere imiyoboro ngufi, kandi ubushyuhe bwayo bwigihe gito burashobora kugera kuri 250 ℃, kubinsinga ninsinga zubugari bumwe, ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi ya polyethylene ni nini cyane.
C. Ifite imashini nziza cyane, idafite amazi kandi irwanya imirasire, bityo ikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye. Nka: insinga zihuza imbere mubikoresho byamashanyarazi, moteri iyobora, itara riyobora, insinga zo kugenzura ibimenyetso bya voltage nkeya kumodoka, insinga za lokomoteri, insinga ninsinga za metero, insinga zo kurengera ibidukikije kuri mines, insinga zo mu nyanja, insinga zo gushyira ingufu za kirimbuzi, insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi kuri TV, insinga zikoresha amashanyarazi na insinga, nizindi nsinga.
XLPE insinga hamwe ninsinga bifite ibyiza byingenzi, ariko kandi bifite ibibi bimwe byihariye bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo:
A. Imikorere idahwitse yubushyuhe. Iyo gutunganya no gukoresha insinga zirenze ubushyuhe bwazo, biroroshye ko insinga zifatana. Mubihe bikomeye, birashobora gukurura kwangirika kwizuba hamwe numuyoboro mugufi.
B. Kurwanya ubushyuhe buke. Ubushyuhe burenga 200 ℃, insinga zinsinga ziba yoroshye cyane. Iyo ikorewe imbaraga zo hanze zisunika cyangwa zigongana, bikunze gutera insinga gucamo no kuzunguruka.
C. Biragoye kugenzura itandukaniro ryamabara hagati yicyiciro. Ibibazo nkibishushanyo, kwera no gucapa inyuguti zikuramo bikunze kugaragara mugihe cyo gutunganya
D. Gukingira XLPE hamwe nubushyuhe bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwa 150 ℃ nta halogene ifite kandi irashobora gutsinda ikizamini cya VW-1 cyo gutwika ukurikije ibipimo bya UL1581, mugihe gikomeza ibintu byiza bya mashini n’amashanyarazi. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, haracyari inzitizi zimwe na zimwe mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora kandi igiciro ni kinini.
3. Simoni ya rubber insinga ninsinga
Molekile ya polymer ya silicone reberi ni urwego rwumunyururu rwakozwe na SI-O (silicon-ogisijeni). Inkunga ya SI-O ni 443.5KJ / MOL, iruta cyane ingufu za CC (355KJ / MOL). Ibyuma byinshi bya silicone reberi hamwe ninsinga bikozwe muburyo bwo gukonjesha hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Mu nsinga zitandukanye za reberi hamwe ninsinga, kubera imiterere yihariye ya molekile, reberi ya silicone ifite imikorere myiza ugereranije nibindi byuma bisanzwe.
Igisubizo. Nibyoroshye cyane, bifite elastique nziza, nta mpumuro nziza kandi idafite uburozi, kandi ntabwo itinya ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi irashobora kwihanganira ubukonje bukabije. Ubushyuhe bwo gukora buri hagati ya -90 na 300 ℃. Rubber ya Silicone ifite ubushyuhe bwiza kuruta reberi isanzwe. Irashobora gukoreshwa ubudahwema kuri 200 ℃ kandi mugihe runaka kuri 350 ℃.
B. Kurwanya ikirere cyiza. Ndetse na nyuma yigihe kirekire cyo guhura nimirasire ya ultraviolet nibindi bihe byikirere, imiterere yumubiri yagize impinduka nke gusa.
C. Rubber ya silicone ifite imbaraga zo guhangana cyane kandi irwanya imbaraga ikomeza kuba ihagaze hejuru yubushyuhe bwinshi.
Hagati aho, reberi ya silicone ifite imbaraga zo guhangana n’umuvuduko mwinshi wa corona no gusohora arc. Silicone rubber insinga hamwe ninsinga bifite ibyiciro byavuzwe haruguru kandi bikoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi yumuriro mwinshi wa tereviziyo, insinga zidashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwamashyiga ya microwave, insinga kubatekera induction, insinga zikawa POTS, biganisha kumatara, ibikoresho bya UV, amatara ya halogene, insinga zihuza imbere yitanura nabafana, cyane cyane mubikoresho byurugo ruto.
Ariko, bimwe mubitagenda neza nabyo bigabanya imikoreshereze yagutse. Urugero:
A. Kurwanya amarira mabi. Mugihe cyo gutunganya cyangwa gukoresha, bikunda kwangirika bitewe nimbaraga zo hanze zisunika, gushushanya no gusya, bishobora gutera uruziga rugufi. Igipimo cyo gukingira ubu ni ukongeramo urwego rwibirahure cyangwa fibre yubushyuhe bwo hejuru ya polyester fibre ikozwe hanze ya silicone. Ariko, mugihe cyo gutunganya, biracyakenewe kwirinda ibikomere biterwa nimbaraga zo hanze zinyeganyega bishoboka.
B. Umukozi wibirunga muri iki gihe ukoreshwa cyane cyane muburyo bwo gutunga ibirunga ni kabiri, bibiri, bine. Iyi agent ya volcanizing irimo chlorine. Ibikoresho bya halogene bidafite imbaraga (nka platine vulcanizing) bifite ibisabwa cyane kubushyuhe bwibidukikije kandi birahenze. Kubwibyo, mugihe utunganya ibyuma byinsinga, ingingo zikurikira zigomba kwitonderwa: umuvuduko wuruziga rwumuvuduko ntugomba kuba hejuru cyane. Nibyiza gukoresha ibikoresho bya reberi kugirango wirinde kuvunika mugihe cyumusaruro, bishobora gutera imbaraga zo guhangana ningutu.
4. Umuyoboro wa etylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber (XLEPDM) wire
Rubber ihujwe na Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) reberi ni terpolymer ya Ethylene, propylene na diene idahujwe, ihuza uburyo bwa chimique cyangwa irrasiyo. Umuyoboro wa EPDM wambukiranya insinga uhuza ibyiza byinsinga zombi za polyolefin hamwe ninsinga zisanzwe zikoreshwa:
A. Byoroheje, byoroshye, byoroshye, bidafatika ku bushyuhe bwinshi, birwanya gusaza igihe kirekire, kandi birwanya ibihe bibi (-60 kugeza 125 ℃).
B. Kurwanya Ozone, kurwanya UV, kurwanya amashanyarazi, no kurwanya ruswa.
C. Kurwanya amavuta hamwe no kwihanganira kugereranywa nubushakashatsi rusange bwa chloroprene. Itunganyirizwa nibikoresho bisanzwe bishyushye kandi irrasiyoyasi ihuza irakoreshwa, byoroshye gutunganya kandi biri hasi kubiciro. Imiyoboro ya etylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) insinga zifite insimburangingo zifite inyungu nyinshi zavuzwe haruguru kandi zikoreshwa cyane mubice nka firigo ikonjesha firigo, moteri idafite amazi, imiyoboro ihinduranya, insinga zigendanwa mu birombe, gucukura, imodoka, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, amato, hamwe n’insinga rusange z’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi.
Ingaruka nyamukuru zinsinga za XLEPDM ni:
A. Kimwe ninsinga za XLPE na PVC, zifite ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya amarira.
B. Kwifata nabi no kwifata bigira ingaruka kubikorwa bikurikiraho.
5. Insinga za Fluoroplastique ninsinga
Ugereranije ninsinga za polyethylene na polyvinyl chloride, insinga za fluoroplastique zifite ibintu byingenzi bikurikira:
A. fluoroplastique irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi ifite ubushyuhe budasanzwe budasanzwe, butuma insinga za fluoroplastique zihuza nubushyuhe bwo hejuru buri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 150 na 250. Ukurikije imiterere yabatwara hamwe nigice kimwe cyambukiranya ibice, insinga za fluoroplastique zirashobora kohereza umuyoboro munini wemewe, bityo ukagura cyane urwego rwogukoresha ubu bwoko bwinsinga. Bitewe nuyu mutungo udasanzwe, insinga za fluoroplastique zikoreshwa mugukoresha insinga imbere no kuyobora insinga zindege, amato, itanura ryubushyuhe bwo hejuru, nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
B. Kubura umuriro mwiza: Fluoroplastique ifite igipimo kinini cya ogisijeni, kandi iyo yaka, ikwirakwizwa ryumuriro ni rito, ritanga umwotsi muke. Umugozi wakozwe muriwo ukwiranye nibikoresho hamwe nibisabwa bikenewe kugirango umuriro ubuze. Kurugero: imiyoboro ya mudasobwa, metero, ibinyabiziga, inyubako ndende n’ahantu hahurira abantu benshi, nibindi. Iyo umuriro umaze guturika, abantu barashobora kubona igihe cyo kwimuka badakubiswe numwotsi mwinshi, bityo bakabona umwanya wo gutabara.
C. Imikorere myiza yamashanyarazi: Ugereranije na polyethylene, fluoroplastique ifite dielectric ihoraho. Kubwibyo, ugereranije ninsinga za coaxial zubatswe zisa, insinga za fluoroplastique zifite ubushobozi buke kandi birakwiriye cyane kohereza ibimenyetso byihuta. Muri iki gihe, kwiyongera inshuro zikoreshwa rya kabili byabaye inzira. Hagati aho, kubera ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa fluoroplastique, bakunze gukoreshwa nkinsinga zimbere mu bikoresho byohereza no gutumanaho, gusimbuka hagati yo kugaburira ibyuma bidafite insinga n’itumanaho, hamwe n’insinga za videwo n’amajwi. Byongeye kandi, insinga za fluoroplastique zifite imbaraga za dielectric nimbaraga zo kurwanya insulasiyo, bigatuma zikoreshwa nkinsinga zo kugenzura ibikoresho byingenzi na metero.
D. Imiterere ya mashini na chimique itunganijwe: Fluoroplastique ifite ingufu zingirakamaro za chimique, ihagaze neza, hafi ya yose ntago ihindagurika ryimihindagurikire yubushyuhe, kandi ifite imbaraga zo guhangana nikirere cyiza nimbaraga za mashini. Kandi ntabwo iterwa na acide zitandukanye, alkalis hamwe na solge organic. Kubwibyo, birakwiriye ibidukikije bifite imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’imiterere yangirika, nka peteroli, gutunganya peteroli, no kugenzura ibikoresho by’amavuta.
E. Korohereza imiyoboro yo gusudira Mubikoresho bya elegitoronike, amasano menshi akorwa no gusudira. Bitewe no gushonga kwa plastiki rusange, bakunda gushonga byoroshye mubushyuhe bwinshi, bisaba ubuhanga bwo gusudira neza. Byongeye kandi, ingingo zimwe zo gusudira zikenera igihe runaka cyo gusudira, ari nayo mpamvu ituma insinga za fluoroplastique zikundwa. Nkurugero rwimbere rwibikoresho byitumanaho nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
Birumvikana ko fluoroplastique iracyafite ibibi bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo:
A. Igiciro cyibikoresho fatizo ni kinini. Kugeza ubu, umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu uracyashingira cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga (Daikin yo mu Buyapani na DuPont yo muri Amerika). Nubwo fluoroplastique yo murugo yateye imbere byihuse mumyaka yashize, ubwoko bwumusaruro buracyari bumwe. Ugereranije nibikoresho byatumijwe hanze, haracyari icyuho runaka mumashanyarazi yumuriro nibindi bintu byuzuye byibikoresho.
B. Ugereranije nibindi bikoresho byerekana, inzira yumusaruro iragoye, umusaruro ukorwa ni muke, inyuguti zacapwe zikunda kugwa, kandi igihombo ni kinini, bigatuma igiciro cyumusaruro kiri hejuru.
Mu gusoza, ikoreshwa ryubwoko bwose bwavuzwe haruguru bwibikoresho byokwirinda, cyane cyane ibikoresho byo mu bushyuhe bwo hejuru bidasanzwe bifite ubushyuhe burenga 105 ℃, biracyari mubihe byinzibacyuho mubushinwa. Byaba ari ugukora insinga cyangwa gutunganya ibikoresho byinsinga, ntabwo hariho inzira ikuze gusa, ahubwo hariho inzira yo gusobanukirwa neza ibyiza nibibi byubu bwoko bwinsinga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-27-2025