Imikorere y'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bwiza, imikorere myiza y'insinga n'insinga. Imikorere y'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bwiza, imikorere myiza y'insinga n'insinga.
1.Insinga n'insinga za PVC polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride (izwi hano nyuma nkaPVC) ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe ni uruvange aho ibintu bikomeza ubushyuhe, pulasitiki, ibigabanya umuriro, amavuta n'ibindi bivangwa bishyirwa mu ifu ya PVC. Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha n'ibisabwa ku nsinga n'insinga, formula irahindurwa uko bikwiye. Nyuma y'imyaka myinshi yo gukora no gukoresha, ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora no gutunganya PVC ryamaze gukura cyane. Ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bya PVC bifite akamaro kanini mu bijyanye n'insinga n'insinga kandi bifite imiterere yihariye:
A. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora rimaze igihe kinini, ryoroshye kurishyiraho no kuritunganya. Ugereranyije n'ubundi bwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gukingira insinga, ntabwo rihendutse gusa, ahubwo rinagenzura neza itandukaniro ry'amabara, ububengerane, gucapa, gutunganya neza, ubworoherane n'ubukomere bw'ubuso bw'insinga, gufatana kw'icyuma gifata insinga, kimwe n'imiterere ya mekanike n'iy'umubiri hamwe n'imiterere y'amashanyarazi y'insinga ubwayo.
B. Ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kudacana umuriro, bityo insinga za PVC zishobora kuzuza byoroshye ibiciro byazo bidashobora gucana umuriro biteganywa n'amahame atandukanye.
C. Ku bijyanye no kurwanya ubushyuhe, binyuze mu kunoza no kunoza formula z'ibikoresho, ubwoko bukoreshwa cyane bwo gukingira PVC burimo ibyiciro bitatu bikurikira:
Ku bijyanye n'amashanyarazi afite agaciro, muri rusange akoreshwa mu rugero rw'amashanyarazi afite agaciro ka 1000V AC no munsi yayo, kandi ashobora gukoreshwa cyane mu nganda nko mu bikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho n'ibipimo, amatara, n'itumanaho ry'umuyoboro.
PVC ifite kandi ingaruka mbi zimwe na zimwe zituma ikoreshwa nabi:
A. Bitewe n’uko ifite chlorine nyinshi, isohora umwotsi mwinshi iyo itwitswe, bishobora gutera kubura umwuka, bigatuma umuntu atabona neza, kandi bigatera kanseri na gaze ya HCl, bigatera ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibikoresho byo gukingira umwotsi muke nta halogen ihari, gusimbuza buhoro buhoro insinga za PVC byabaye ikintu kidasubirwaho mu iterambere ry’insinga.
B. Ubushyuhe busanzwe bwa PVC ntibugira ubushobozi bwo guhangana na aside na alkali, amavuta ashyushye, n'ibintu bishongesha ibidukikije. Dukurikije ihame rya shimi ryo gushonga nk'uko ribivuga, insinga za PVC zishobora kwangirika no gucikagurika mu bidukikije byavuzwe. Ariko, kubera imikorere myiza yo gutunganya no kugabanuka kwazo, insinga za PVC ziracyakoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byo mu rugo, mu bikoresho by'amatara, mu bikoresho bya mekanike, mu bikoresho no mu bipimo, mu itumanaho ry'umuyoboro, mu nsinga z'inyubako n'ahandi.
2. Insinga n'insinga za polyethylene zifatanye
PE ihuza amoko (izwi hano nyuma nkaXLPE) ni ubwoko bwa polyethylene ishobora guhinduka kuva ku miterere ya molekile igororotse ikagera ku miterere ya 3-dimensional three-dimensional structure mu bihe bimwe na bimwe bitewe n'imirasire ifite ingufu nyinshi cyangwa ibyuma bihuza. Muri icyo gihe, ihinduka kuva kuri thermoplastic ikagera kuri thermosetting idashobora gushonga.
Kugeza ubu, mu ikoreshwa rya insinga n'insinga zirinda umuriro, hari uburyo butatu bwo guhuza:
A. Guhuza peroxide: Bikubiyemo kubanza gukoresha resin ya polyethylene hamwe n'ibintu bihuza amashami n'ibirwanya okisidanti, hanyuma hongerwamo ibindi bice bikenewe kugira ngo hakorwe uduce duto twa polyethylene dushobora guhuza. Mu gihe cyo gusohora, guhuza amashami bibaho binyuze mu miyoboro ishyushye ihuza amashanyarazi.
B. Guhuza Silane (guhuza amazi ashyushye): Ubu ni uburyo bwo guhuza imiti. Uburyo bwabwo bw'ingenzi ni uguhuza organosiloxane na polyethylene mu bihe runaka,
kandi urwego rwo guhuza hagati y’ibice rushobora kugera kuri 60%.
C. Guhuza imirasire: Ikoresha imirasire ifite ingufu nyinshi nka rayon ya R, alpha rays, na electron rays kugira ngo ikoreshe atome za karuboni muri macromolecules za polyethylene kandi itere cross-linking. Imirasire ifite ingufu nyinshi ikunze gukoreshwa mu nsinga n'insinga ni imirasire ya electron ikorwa n'ibikoresho bitera ingufu za electron. Kubera ko uku guhuza gushingiye ku ngufu zifatika, ni ukwa physical cross-linking.
Uburyo butatu butandukanye bwo guhuza ibintu buvuzwe haruguru bufite imiterere n'ikoreshwa bitandukanye:
Ugereranyije na polyethylene ya thermoplastic (PVC), XLPE insulation ifite ibyiza bikurikira:
A. Yongereye ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe, yongera imiterere ya mekanike mu bushyuhe bwinshi, kandi yongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibidukikije no gusaza ubushyuhe.
B. Yongereye ubushobozi bwo kudacika intege mu by'imiti no kurwanya ibinyabutabire, yagabanyije ubukonje, kandi ahanini yagumanye imikorere y'amashanyarazi ya mbere. Ubushyuhe bw'akazi mu gihe kirekire bushobora kugera kuri 125℃ na 150℃. Insinga n'insinga bya polyethylene bifatanye na polyethylene nabyo byongera ubushobozi bwo kudacika intege mu gihe gito, kandi ubushyuhe bwabyo mu gihe gito bushobora kugera kuri 250℃, ku nsinga n'insinga zifite ubunini bumwe, ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi bwa polyethylene ifatanye na yo ni bwinshi cyane.
C. Ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukora ikoranabuhanga, amazi n'ubudahangarwa n'imirasire, bityo ikoreshwa cyane mu nzego zitandukanye. Nk'insinga zo guhuza imbere mu bikoresho by'amashanyarazi, ibyuma bikoresha moteri, ibyuma bikoresha amatara, insinga zigenzura ibimenyetso bifite ingufu nke ku modoka, insinga za gari ya moshi, insinga n'insinga zo mu nzira z'ubutaka, insinga zirinda ibidukikije ku birombe, insinga zo mu mazi, insinga zo gushyiramo ingufu za kirimbuzi, insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi kuri televiziyo, insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi zo kurasa X-RAY, n'insinga n'insinga zikoresha ingufu, n'ibindi.
Insinga n'insinga za XLPE zishyushya ubushyuhe zifite ibyiza bikomeye, ariko kandi zifite n'ibibi bimwe na bimwe bigabanya ikoreshwa ryazo:
A. Imikorere mibi yo gufatana mu buryo budashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe. Iyo utunganya kandi ugakoresha insinga zirenze ubushyuhe bwazo, biroroshye ko insinga zifatana. Mu bihe bikomeye, bishobora kwangiza insinga no gutuma insinga zihagarara.
B. Kudakora neza kw'ubushyuhe. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 200°C, ubushyuhe bw'insinga buba bworoshye cyane. Iyo zishyizwemo imbaraga zo hanze cyangwa zigonganye, zishobora gutuma insinga zicamo kandi zigahagarara.
C. Biragoye kugenzura itandukaniro ry'amabara hagati y'amabara. Ibibazo nko gushwanyagurika, kwera no gushwanyagurika kw'inyuguti zanditseho bishobora kubaho mu gihe cyo gutunganya
D. Ubwugarizi bwa XLPE bufite ubushyuhe bwa dogere 150°C nta halogen ihari kandi bushobora gutsinda ikizamini cyo gutwika cya VW-1 hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya UL1581, mu gihe bugumana imiterere myiza ya mekanike n'amashanyarazi. Ariko, haracyari imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora kandi igiciro cyabyo kiri hejuru.
3. Insinga n'insinga za silicone
Molekile za polymer za silicone rubber ni imiterere y'uruhererekane ikorwa n'imigozi ya SI-O (silicon-oxygen). Imigozi ya SI-O ni 443.5KJ/MOL, ikaba iri hejuru cyane y'ingufu za CC bond (355KJ/MOL). Insinga nyinshi za silicone rubber na cables zikorwa binyuze mu gusohora ubukonje no mu buryo bwo gukurura ubushyuhe bwinshi. Mu nsinga zitandukanye za silicone na cables, bitewe n'imiterere yayo yihariye ya molekile, silicone rubber ifite imikorere myiza ugereranyije n'izindi rubber zisanzwe.
A. Yoroshye cyane, ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindagurika neza, nta mpumuro igira kandi ntigira uburozi, kandi ntitinya ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi ishobora kwihanganira ubukonje bukabije. Ubushyuhe bwo gukora buri hagati ya -90 na 300℃. Rubber ya silikoni ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe kurusha rubber isanzwe. Ishobora gukoreshwa buri gihe kuri 200℃ no mu gihe runaka kuri 350℃.
B. Ubudahangarwa bw'ikirere bwiza cyane. Nubwo imaze igihe kirekire ihura n'imirasire ya ultraviolet n'ibindi bihe by'ikirere, imiterere yayo yahindutse gato gusa.
C. Rubber ya silikoni ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingufu nyinshi kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhangana n'ingufu buguma buhamye mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko utandukanye.
Hagati aho, silicone rubber ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya cyane isohoka rya corona rikoresheje ingufu nyinshi no gusohora arc. Insinga n'insinga za silicone zirinda umuriro zifite inyungu zavuzwe haruguru kandi zikoreshwa cyane mu nsinga zifite ingufu nyinshi kuri televiziyo, insinga zirinda ubushyuhe bwinshi mu ziko rya mikoroonde, insinga zo gutekeshamo induction, insinga zo gukoresha mu ngano za kawa, amatara y'urumuri, ibikoresho bya UV, amatara ya halogen, insinga zo guhuza imbere mu ziko n'abafana, cyane cyane mu bikoresho bito byo mu rugo.
Ariko, zimwe mu ngaruka zayo ubwazo zigabanya ikoreshwa ryayo mu buryo bwagutse. Urugero:
A. Kudacika intege mu gucika. Mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya cyangwa kuyikoresha, ishobora kwangirika bitewe n’imbaraga zo hanze ziyikanda, kuyisya no kuyisya, ibyo bikaba byatera umuvuduko muke. Uburyo bwo kuyirinda ubu ni ugushyiramo urwego rw’ikirahure cyangwa inyuzi ya polyester ishyushye cyane iboshye hanze y’icyuma gikingira cya silicone. Ariko, mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya, ni ngombwa kwirinda imvune ziterwa no gucika intege cyane uko bishoboka kose.
B. Umuti ukoreshwa cyane mu gushushanya vulcanization ni kabiri, kabiri, kane. Uyu muti ukoreshwa mu gushushanya vulcanization urimo chlorine. Umuti ukoreshwa mu gushushanya vulcanization udafite halogen (nk'umuti ukoreshwa mu gushushanya platine) ufite ibisabwa bikomeye ku bushyuhe bw'aho ukorera kandi urahenze. Kubwibyo, mu gutunganya imigozi y'insinga, ingingo zikurikira zigomba kwitabwaho: umuvuduko w'uruziga rw'umuvuduko ntugomba kuba mwinshi cyane. Ni byiza gukoresha ibikoresho bya kabutike kugira ngo wirinde kuvunika mu gihe cyo gukora, bishobora gutuma umuvuduko udakomera.
4. Insinga ya ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber (XLEPDM) ihuza amashami
Umupira wa ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) uhuza imirasire ni terpolymer ya ethylene, propylene na diene idahuza imirasire, ihuza imirasire hakoreshejwe imiti cyangwa imirasire. Insinga za ethylene propylene EPDM zihuza imirasire zihuza ibyiza by'insinga za polyolefin zihuza imirasire n'insinga zisanzwe zihuza imirasire:
A. Yoroshye, yoroshye, irakomera, ntifatana mu bushyuhe bwinshi, irakomera igihe kirekire, kandi irahangana n'ikirere kibi (-60 kugeza 125℃).
B. Ubudahangarwa bwa ozone, Ubudahangarwa bwa UV, Ubudahangarwa bw'amashanyarazi, no kudahangarwa n'uburozi bw'imiti.
C. Ubudahangarwa bw'amavuta n'ibinyabutabire bugereranywa n'ubw'uburyo bwo gukingira urushundura rwa chloroprene rubber bukoreshwa muri rusange. Butunganywa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bisanzwe bishyushye byo gusohora kandi imirasire ikoreshwa mu gukingira urushundura, byoroshye gutunganya kandi bihendutse. Insinga zikingira urushundura za ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) zifite ibyiza byinshi byavuzwe haruguru kandi zikoreshwa cyane mu bintu nko gukonjesha, insinga zirinda amazi, insinga zihindura ikirere, insinga zigendanwa mu birombe, gucukura, imodoka, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, amato, n'insinga rusange z'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Ingaruka mbi z'ingenzi z'insinga za XLEPDM ni izi:
A. Kimwe n'insinga za XLPE na PVC, ifite ubushobozi bwo kudacika kw'amarira.
B. Kutazifata neza no kwifata bigira ingaruka ku buryo ibintu bigenda neza nyuma yaho.
5. Insinga n'insinga za fluoroplastic
Ugereranyije n'insinga zisanzwe za polyethylene na polyvinyl chloride, insinga za fluoroplastic zifite ibi bikurikira:
A. Fluoroplastics zirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi zifite ubushyuhe budasanzwe, bigatuma insinga za fluoroplastic zishobora kwihuza n’ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 150 na 250. Mu gihe cy’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bifite agace kamwe k’ubuso, insinga za fluoroplastic zishobora kohereza umuvuduko munini wemewe, bityo bikarushaho kwagura urwego rw’ubu bwoko bw’insinga zishyushya. Kubera iyi miterere idasanzwe, insinga za fluoroplastic zikunze gukoreshwa mu nsinga z’imbere n’insinga z’icyuma mu ndege, amato, amatanura ashyushye cyane, n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.
B. Kudashira neza umuriro: Udupira twa fluoroplastic dufite igipimo cyo hejuru cya ogisijeni, kandi iyo tugurumana, aho umuriro ukwirakwira ni hato, bigatuma umwotsi uba muto. Insinga zikozwe muri yo zikwiriye ibikoresho n'ahantu hasabwa cyane kugira ngo umuriro udashira. Urugero: imiyoboro ya mudasobwa, gari ya moshi zo munsi y'ubutaka, imodoka, inyubako ndende n'ahandi hantu hahurira abantu benshi, n'ibindi. Iyo inkongi itangiye, abantu bashobora kugira umwanya wo kwimuka badakubiswe n'umwotsi mwinshi, bityo bakabona umwanya w'agaciro wo gutabara.
C. Imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi: Ugereranyije na polyethylene, fluoroplastics zifite dielectric constant iri hasi. Kubwibyo, ugereranyije n'insinga za coaxial zifite imiterere isa, insinga za fluoroplastics zifite ubushobozi buke bwo kugabanya kandi zikwiriye cyane kohereza ibimenyetso ku buryo bwo hejuru. Muri iki gihe, kwiyongera k'ikoreshwa ry'insinga kwabaye ikintu gishimishije. Hagati aho, bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa fluoroplastics, zikunze gukoreshwa nk'insinga z'imbere mu bikoresho byo kohereza no gutumanaho, zigashyirwa hagati y'ibikoresho byo kohereza n'ibyohereza, ndetse n'insinga za videwo n'amajwi. Byongeye kandi, insinga za fluoroplastics zifite imbaraga nziza za dielectric kandi zirinda gushyuha, bigatuma zikoreshwa nk'insinga zo kugenzura ibikoresho by'ingenzi n'ibipimo.
D. Imiterere myiza ya mekanike na shimi: Fluoroplastic ifite ingufu nyinshi zo guhuza shimi, ihamye cyane, ntabwo ihinduka bitewe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya gusaza kw'ikirere n'imbaraga za mekanike. Kandi ntabwo ihinduka bitewe na aside zitandukanye, alkali na organic solvents. Kubwibyo, ikwiriye ahantu hari imihindagurikire ikomeye y'ikirere n'imimerere yangiza, nka peteroli, gutunganya peteroli, no kugenzura ibikoresho byo mu gikoni cy'amavuta.
E. Yorohereza guhuza ibikoresho byo gusudira Mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, guhuza byinshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe gusudira. Bitewe n'aho plastiki isanzwe ishongera cyane, ikunda gushonga byoroshye iyo ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabije, bigasaba ubuhanga mu gusudira. Byongeye kandi, hari aho gusudira bisaba igihe runaka cyo gusudira, ari na yo mpamvu insinga za fluoroplastic zikunzwe cyane. Nk'insinga z'imbere mu bikoresho by'itumanaho n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
Birumvikana ko fluoroplastics zigifite ingaruka mbi zimwe na zimwe zigabanya ikoreshwa ryazo:
A. Igiciro cy'ibikoresho fatizo kiri hejuru. Muri iki gihe, umusaruro wo mu gihugu uracyashingiye ahanini ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga (Daikin yo mu Buyapani na DuPont yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika). Nubwo fluoroplastics zo mu gihugu zateye imbere cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa buracyari bumwe. Ugereranyije n'ibikoresho bitumizwa mu mahanga, haracyari icyuho mu bushyuhe n'indi miterere y'ibikoresho.
B. Ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe, inzira yo gukora iragoye cyane, ubushobozi bwo gukora ni buke, inyuguti zanditse zishobora kugwa, kandi igihombo ni kinini, bigatuma ikiguzi cyo gukora kiri hejuru cyane.
Mu gusoza, ikoreshwa ry'ubwoko bwose bw'ibikoresho byo gukingira ubushyuhe bwavuzwe haruguru, cyane cyane ibikoresho byihariye byo gukingira ubushyuhe bifite ubushyuhe burenze 105°C, biracyari mu gihe cy'inzibacyuho mu Bushinwa. Byaba ari ugukora insinga cyangwa gutunganya insinga, ntabwo ari ugukora gusa, ahubwo hariho n'inzira yo gusobanukirwa neza ibyiza n'ibibi by'ubwo bwoko bw'insinga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-27-2025