Ibikoresho bya polyolefin, bizwiho imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya no kubungabunga ibidukikije, byabaye bimwe mu bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu gukingira no gukingira ibyuma mu nganda z'insinga n'insinga.
Polyolefins ni polymeri zifite uburemere bunini bwa molekile zikozwe muri monomeri za olefin nka ethylene, propylene, na butene. Zikoreshwa cyane mu nsinga, mu gupakira, mu bwubatsi, mu modoka, no mu buvuzi.
Mu gukora insinga, ibikoresho bya polyolefin ntibitanga amashanyarazi menshi, bifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira neza, kandi ntibigire ingaruka mbi ku binyabutabire, bigatuma bihorana umutekano kandi birambye. Imiterere yabyo yo kudakoresha halogen kandi ishobora kongera gukoreshwa ijyanye n'igihe tugezemo mu gukora ibikoresho bigezweho kandi birambye.
I. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ubwoko bwa Monomer
1. Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene (PE) ni resin ya thermoplastic polymer yakuwe muri ethylene monomers kandi ni imwe muri pulasitiki zikoreshwa cyane ku isi. Hashingiwe ku bucucike n'imiterere ya molekile, igabanyijemo ubwoko bwa LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, na XLPE.
(1)Polyethylene yo mu bwoko bwa Low-Density (LDPE)
Imiterere: Yakozwe na polymerization y’umuvuduko mwinshi; igizwe n’iminyururu myinshi ifite amashami, ifite ubukana bwa 55–65% n’ubucucike bwa 0.91–0.93 g/cm³.
Imiterere: Yoroshye, ibonerana, kandi irinda ingaruka ariko ifite ubushyuhe buringaniye (kugeza kuri 80 °C).
Imikoreshereze: Ikoreshwa cyane nk'igikoresho cyo gukingira insinga z'itumanaho n'iz'amatangazo, kuringaniza ubwiyongere n'ubushyuhe.
(2) Polyethylene ifite ubucucike bwinshi (HDPE)
Imiterere: Ikozwe muri polymeri munsi y'umuvuduko muke hamwe na katalysts za Ziegler-Natta; ifite amashami make cyangwa ntayo, ifite ubukana bwinshi bwa crystallinity (80-95%), n'ubucucike bwa 0.94-0.96 g/cm³.
Imiterere: Ikomeye cyane kandi irakomeye, irahamye cyane mu bya shimi, ariko iragabanuka gato mu bushyuhe buke.
Imikoreshereze: Ikoreshwa cyane mu gushyiramo insulation, imiyoboro y'itumanaho, n'ibikoresho bya fiber optique, itanga uburinzi bwiza bw'ikirere n'ubw'imashini, cyane cyane mu gushyira hanze cyangwa munsi y'ubutaka.
(3) Polyethylene yo mu murongo wo hasi (LLDPE)
Imiterere: Ikozwe muri ethylene na α-olefin, ifite amashami magufi; ubucucike buri hagati ya 0.915–0.925 g/cm³.
Imiterere: Ihuza ubworoherane n'imbaraga hamwe no kudapfunyika neza.
Imikoreshereze: Bikwiriye ibikoresho byo mu gikoni no mu byuma bikingira umuriro mu nsinga zifite voltage nkeya n'iziciriritse hamwe n'insinga zo kugenzura, bikongera imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bwo kunama.
(4)Polyethylene ifitanye isano (XLPE)
Imiterere: Urusobe rw'ibice bitatu rwakozwe binyuze mu guhuza kwa shimi cyangwa imiterere (silane, peroxide, cyangwa electron-beam).
Imiterere: Ubudahangarwa budasanzwe bw'ubushyuhe, imbaraga za mekanike, ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi, no kwihanganira ikirere.
Imikoreshereze: Ikoreshwa cyane mu nsinga z'amashanyarazi zikoresha ingufu ziciriritse n'izifite amashanyarazi menshi, insinga nshya z'ingufu, n'insinga z'imodoka - ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gukingira mu nganda zigezweho.
2. Polypropylene (PP)
Polypropylene (PP), ikozwe muri polimere ikoresheje propylene, ifite ubucucike bwa 0.89–0.92 g/cm³, aho ishonga ikaba iri hagati ya 164–176 °C, n'ubushyuhe bwo gukora buri hagati ya -30 °C na 140 °C.
Imiterere: Yoroshye, ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu byuma, irwanya imiti cyane, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira amashanyarazi.
Imikoreshereze: Ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ibikoresho byo gukingira insinga bidafite halogen. Bitewe n'uko bikomeje kwiyongera mu kurengera ibidukikije, polypropylene ifitanye isano (XLPP) na PP yahinduwe ya copolymer birimo gusimbura polyethylene isanzwe mu buryo bw'insinga zikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi n'amashanyarazi menshi, nka gari ya moshi, ingufu z'umuyaga, n'insinga z'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi.
3. Polybutylene (PB)
Polybutylene irimo Poly(1-butene) (PB-1) na Polyisobutylene (PIB).
Imiterere: Irwanya ubushyuhe cyane, ihindagurika ry’ibinyabutabire, kandi irwanya gukurura.
Imikoreshereze: PB-1 ikoreshwa mu miyoboro, mu mafirime no mu gupfunyika, mu gihe PIB ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora insinga nk'umuyoboro ufunga amazi, umufunga, n'umunyungugu wuzuza bitewe nuko idashobora kwinjira mu mwuka no kudakora imiti—ikoreshwa cyane mu nsinga za fibre optique mu kuzifunga no kurinda ubushuhe.
II. Ibindi bikoresho bisanzwe bya Polyolefin
(1) Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA)
EVA ihuza ethylene na vinyl acetate, ifite ubworoherane n'ubukonje (ikomeza ubworoherane kuri -50 °C).
Imiterere: Yoroshye, irinda ingaruka, ntigira uburozi, kandi irinda gusaza.
Imikoreshereze: Mu nsinga, EVA ikunze gukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere y'ibikoresho cyangwa resin itwara ibintu mu buryo bwa Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH), binoza uburyo bwo gutunganya no koroshya ibidukikije hamwe n'ibikoresho byo mu gikoni.
(2) Polyethylene ifite uburemere buhanitse bwa molekile (UHMWPE)
UHMWPE ifite uburemere burenze miliyoni 1.5, ni pulasitiki yo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu by’ubuhanga.
Imiterere: Irwanya kwangirika cyane mu pulasitiki, ifite imbaraga zikubye gatanu ABS, irwanya imiti cyane, kandi ifata amazi make.
Imikoreshereze: Ikoreshwa mu nsinga z'urumuri n'insinga zidasanzwe nk'igitambaro cyo kwambara cyangwa gusiga ibikoresho bikurura, bikongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya kwangirika no kwangirika kw'ibikoresho.
III. Umwanzuro
Ibikoresho bya polyolefin ntibigira halogen, ntibikoresha umwotsi mwinshi, kandi ntibigira uburozi iyo bitwitswe. Bitanga ubushobozi bwiza bwo kudahungabana mu by'amashanyarazi, imashini, no gutunganya, kandi imikorere yabyo ishobora kunozwa binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ryo guteranya, kuvanga no guhuza.
Bitewe n’umutekano wazo, kubungabunga ibidukikije, n’imikorere yazo yizewe, ibikoresho bya polyolefin byabaye sisitemu y’ingenzi mu nganda zigezweho z’insinga n’insinga. Mu gihe urebye imbere, uko inzego nk’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, photovoltaics, n’itumanaho ry’amakuru bikomeza kwiyongera, udushya mu gukoresha polyolefin tuzakomeza guteza imbere imikorere myiza kandi irambye y’inganda z’insinga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira 17-2025