Mu gihe cy'imikorere y'insinga z'amashanyarazi n'iz'amashanyarazi, ikintu cy'ingenzi gituma imikorere igabanuka ni ukwinjira k'ubushuhe. Iyo amazi yinjiye mu nsinga z'amashanyarazi, ashobora kongera ubushuhe bw'umunyu; iyo yinjiye mu nsinga z'amashanyarazi, bishobora kugabanya imikorere y'insinga z'amashanyarazi, bigahindura imikorere yayo. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bifunga amazi, nk'ibikoresho bitwara amazi, byagenewe gukorwa mu buryo bwo gukora insinga z'amashanyarazi n'iz'amashanyarazi kugira ngo hirindwe ubushuhe cyangwa amazi yinjira, bigamije umutekano mu mikorere.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibikoresho bikurura amazi burimo ifu ikurura amazi,kaseti ifunga amazi, ubudodo buziba amazi, n'amavuta yo kubyimba abuza amazi, n'ibindi. Bitewe n'aho ikoreshwa, ubwoko bumwe bw'ibikoresho bibuza amazi bushobora gukoreshwa, cyangwa ubwoko butandukanye bushobora gukoreshwa icyarimwe kugira ngo insinga zikore neza mu buryo budashobora kuvogerwa n'amazi.
Kubera ikoreshwa ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga rya 5G, ikoreshwa ry’insinga z’urumuri ririmo gukwirakwira cyane, kandi ibisabwa kuri zo birimo kugenda birushaho gukomera. Cyane cyane iyo hashyizweho ibisabwa ku bijyanye no kurinda icyatsi kibisi no kurengera ibidukikije, insinga z’urumuri zumutse zose zirushaho gukundwa n’isoko. Ikintu cy’ingenzi ku nsinga zumutse zose ni uko zidakoresha amavuta yo kuziba amazi cyangwa amavuta yo kuziba amazi. Ahubwo, kaseti ifunga amazi n’insinga zifunga amazi bikoreshwa mu kuziba amazi mu gice cyose cy’insinga.
Gukoresha kaseti ifunga amazi mu nsinga n'insinga z'urumuri ni ibintu bisanzwe, kandi hari inyandiko nyinshi z'ubushakashatsi kuri byo. Ariko, hari ubushakashatsi buke bwavuzwe ku budodo bufunga amazi, cyane cyane ku bikoresho bifunga amazi bifite ubushobozi bwo kunyunyuza cyane. Bitewe nuko byoroshye kubona umusaruro mu gihe cyo gukora insinga z'urumuri n'iz'amashanyarazi no gutunganya byoroshye, ibikoresho bifunga amazi cyane muri iki gihe ni byo bikoresho bifunga amazi cyane mu gukora insinga n'insinga z'urumuri, cyane cyane insinga z'urumuri zumutse.
Gukoresha mu gukora insinga z'amashanyarazi
Bitewe n’uko ibikorwa remezo by’Ubushinwa bikomeje gukomera, icyifuzo cy’insinga z’amashanyarazi zituruka mu mishinga y’amashanyarazi ishyigikira gikomeje kwiyongera. Insinga zikunze gushyirwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuziba mu buryo butaziguye, mu miyoboro y’insinga, mu miyoboro y’amazi, cyangwa mu buryo bwo hejuru. Nta gushidikanya ko ziba ahantu hatose cyangwa zihura n’amazi, ndetse zishobora no kwinjizwa mu mazi igihe gito cyangwa kirekire, bigatuma amazi yinjira buhoro buhoro mu nsinga. Mu gihe cy’amashanyarazi, inyubako zisa n’ibiti zishobora kwirema mu gice cy’amashanyarazi cy’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, ikintu kizwi nka “water treeing”. Iyo ibiti by’amazi bikuze ku rugero runaka, bizatuma insinga zisenyuka. Ubu insinga z’amazi zizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga nk’imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye zitera gusaza kw’insinga. Kugira ngo hongerwe umutekano n’ubwizigirwa bw’uburyo bw’amashanyarazi, igishushanyo mbonera n’inganda bigomba gukoresha insinga zifunga amazi cyangwa ingamba zo kuziba amazi kugira ngo insinga zigire imikorere myiza yo kuziba amazi.
Inzira zo kwinjira mu mazi mu nsinga muri rusange zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: kwinjira mu buryo bwa radial (cyangwa transverse) binyuze mu gishishwa, n'ukwinjira mu buryo bwa longitudinal (cyangwa axial) ku gice cy'umuyoboro n'inkingi y'umuyoboro. Ku mazi afunga radial (transverse), hakunze gukoreshwa agashishwa kabuza amazi, nka kaseti ya aluminiyumu-plastiki ipfunyitse mu buryo bwa longitudinal hanyuma igashyirwamo polyethylene. Iyo hakenewe kuziba amazi yuzuye, hakoreshwa icyuma gikingira amazi. Ku nsinga zikoreshwa kenshi, uburinzi bwo kuziba amazi bwibanda cyane cyane ku kwinjira mu mazi mu buryo bwa longitudinal (axial).
Mu gushushanya imiterere y'insinga, ingamba zirinda amazi zigomba kwita ku kurengera amazi mu cyerekezo cy'uburebure (cyangwa cy'umurongo) cy'umuyoboro w'amazi, kurengera amazi hanze y'urwego rwo gukingira, no kurengera amazi mu nyubako yose. Uburyo rusange bw'insinga zirinda amazi ni ukuzuza ibikoresho bibuza amazi imbere no hejuru y'umuyoboro w'amazi. Ku nsinga zifite ingufu nyinshi zifite insinga zigabanyamo ibice, insinga zirinda amazi zisabwa gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho bibuza amazi hagati, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Insinga zirinda amazi zishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu nyubako zuzuye zirinda amazi. Mu gushyira insinga zirinda amazi cyangwa imigozi ifunga amazi iboshywe mu nsinga zifunga amazi mu cyuho kiri hagati y'ibice bitandukanye by'insinga, imiyoboro y'amazi inyura mu cyerekezo cy'umurongo w'amazi ishobora gufungwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibisabwa mu kurengera amazi bigezweho. Ishusho y'igishushanyo mbonera cy'insinga isanzwe ibuza amazi igaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.
Mu miterere y'insinga zavuzwe haruguru, ibikoresho by'imigozi bifata amazi bikoreshwa nk'igice cyo kuziba amazi. Uburyo bushingira ku bwinshi bwa resin ifata amazi menshi iri ku buso bw'insinga. Iyo ihuye n'amazi, resin yiyongera vuba ikagera ku ngano yayo y'umwimerere, igakora urwego rufunganye rufunga amazi ku gice cy'imbere cy'insinga, ikabuza inzira zinjiramo amazi, kandi ikabuza ko amazi cyangwa umwuka w'amazi ukomeza gukwirakwira no kwaguka mu cyerekezo kirekire, bityo ikarinda insinga neza.
Gukoresha insinga z'amashanyarazi
Imikorere y'uruhererekane rw'amatara, imikorere ya mekanike, n'imikorere y'ibidukikije by'insinga za optique ni byo bisabwa cyane mu itumanaho. Kimwe mu bipimo byo kwemeza ko insinga za optique zikora ni ukubuza amazi kwinjira muri fibre ya optique mu gihe cy'imikorere, ibyo bikaba byatera igihombo cyinshi (ni ukuvuga igihombo cya hydrogen). Kwinjira kw'amazi bigira ingaruka ku mpinga z'urumuri rwa fibre ya optique mu burebure bw'uburebure kuva kuri 1.3μm kugeza kuri 1.60μm, bigatuma fibre ya optique igabanuka ryiyongera. Uyu mugozi w'uburebure utwikira amadirishya menshi akoreshwa muri sisitemu y'itumanaho rya optique iriho ubu. Kubwibyo, imiterere y'imiterere idapfa amazi iba ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kubaka insinga za optique.
Imiterere y’imiterere ifunga amazi mu nsinga z’urumuri igabanyijemo imiterere ifunga amazi mu buryo bwa radial n’imiterere ifunga amazi mu buryo bwa longitudial. Imiterere ifunga amazi mu buryo bwa radial ikoresha icyuma gifunga amazi, ni ukuvuga imiterere ifite kaseti ya aluminiyumu-pulasitiki cyangwa icyuma-plastiki ipfunyitse mu buryo bwa longitudial hanyuma igashyirwamo polyethylene. Muri icyo gihe, umuyoboro ufunguye ukozwe mu bikoresho bya polymer nka PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate) cyangwa icyuma kitagira umugese wongerwa hanze ya fibre y’urumuri. Mu miterere y’imiterere ifunguye amazi mu buryo bwa longitudial, hatekerezwa gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi bifunga amazi kuri buri gice cy’imiterere. Ibikoresho bifunga amazi biri mu muyoboro ufunguye (cyangwa mu miyoboro y’insinga yo mu bwoko bwa skeleton) bihinduka kuva ku mavuta yo kuzuza amazi akajya ku bikoresho bifunga amazi kuri uwo muyoboro. Umugozi umwe cyangwa ibiri y’ubudodo bufunga amazi ishyirwa iruhande rw’igice gikomeza insinga kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwuka w’amazi wo hanze winjira mu buryo bwa longitudial mu gice cy’imbaraga. Iyo bibaye ngombwa, insinga zifunga amazi zishobora no gushyirwa mu myobo iri hagati y’imiyoboro idafite amazi kugira ngo insinga y’amashanyarazi ishobore kwinjira mu mazi neza. Imiterere y’insinga y’amashanyarazi yumye cyane ikunze gukoresha ubwoko bw’imigozi, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-28-2025