Agace k'insinga (kazwi kandi nka agace k'inyuma cyangwa agace k'inyuma) ni urwego rw'inyuma rw'insinga, insinga y'urumuri, cyangwa insinga, nk'uruzitiro rw'ingenzi mu nsinga kugira ngo rurinde umutekano w'imbere mu nsinga, rurinda insinga ubushyuhe bwo hanze, ubukonje, amazi, urumuri rwa ultraviolet, ozone, cyangwa ibyangiritse bya shimi na mekanike mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho na nyuma yo kuyishyiraho. Gushyira insinga mu gitereko ntibigamije gusimbuza imbaraga ziri imbere mu nsinga, ariko bishobora no gutanga uburinzi buke. Byongeye kandi, agace k'insinga gashobora kandi gukosora imiterere n'imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi washyizwe mu gitereko, ndetse n'urwego rwo kurinda (niba ruhari), bityo bigabanye ingaruka z'imikorere y'insinga ya electromagnetic (EMC). Ibi ni ingenzi kugira ngo ingufu, ikimenyetso, cyangwa amakuru bikomeze koherezwa mu nsinga cyangwa insinga. Gushyira mu gitereko bigira uruhare runini mu kuramba kw'insinga n'insinga z'urumuri.
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho byo mu gipangu cy'insinga, ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu gipangu cy'insinga ni –polyethylene ifatanye (XLPE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene propylene ifite fluorine (FEP), resin ya perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), polyurethane (PUR),polyethylene (PE), elastomer ya thermoplastic (TPE) napolyvinyl chloride (PVC)Buri imwe ifite imiterere itandukanye y'imikorere.
Guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo byo gushyiramo insinga bigomba kubanza kwita ku buryo insinga zihuzwa n’ibidukikije ndetse n’uburyo ikoreshwa ry’ibihuza rihura. Urugero, ahantu hakonje cyane hashobora gusaba ko insinga zishyirwamo insinga ziguma zoroshye mu bushyuhe buri hasi cyane. Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gushyiramo insinga ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo hamenyekane insinga nziza ya optique kuri buri porogaramu. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa neza intego insinga ya optique cyangwa insinga igomba kuzuza n’ibisabwa igomba kuzuza.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)ni ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu gupfunyika insinga. Ikozwe muri resin ishingiye kuri polyvinyl chloride, yongeramo stabilizer, plasticizer, inorganic fillers nka calcium carbonate, inyongeramusaruro n'amavuta, nibindi, binyuze mu kuvanga no gukurura no gusohora. Ifite imiterere myiza y'umubiri, imashini n'amashanyarazi, nubwo ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ikirere neza kandi ikagira ubushobozi bwo kudahungabana mu mikorere ya shimi, ishobora no kunoza imikorere yayo ikongeramo inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye, nko gutinza umuriro, kurwanya ubushyuhe n'ibindi.
Uburyo bwo gukora icyuma gikingira insinga cya PVC ni ugushyiramo uduce twa PVC mu cyuma gikingira insinga hanyuma tukadusohora mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko kugira ngo habeho icyuma gikingira insinga.
Ibyiza by'ikoti ry'insinga rya PVC ni bihendutse, byoroshye gutunganya no gushyiraho, hamwe n'uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha. Ikunze gukoreshwa mu nsinga zifite voltage nkeya, insinga z'itumanaho, insinga z'ubwubatsi n'ahandi. Ariko, ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushyuhe bwinshi, kudakonja, kudakora neza kwa UV n'ibindi bintu bifatika byo gutwikira insinga za PVC ni bike cyane, birimo ibintu byangiza ibidukikije n'umubiri w'umuntu, kandi hari ibibazo byinshi iyo bikoreshejwe ku bidukikije byihariye. Bitewe no kongera ubumenyi bw'abantu ku bidukikije no kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho, hashyizweho ibisabwa byinshi ku bikoresho bya PVC. Kubwibyo, mu bice bimwe na bimwe byihariye, nko mu ndege, mu kirere, ku ngufu za kirimbuzi n'ahandi, gutwikira insinga za PVC bikoreshwa neza.
Polyethylene (PE)ni ibikoresho bisanzwe byo mu gikoresho cy'insinga. Gifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike n'ubudahangarwa bw'imiti, kandi kirwanya ubushyuhe, kirwanya ubukonje kandi kirwanya ikirere. Igikoresho cy'insinga cya PE gishobora kunozwa hakongerwamo ibindi bintu, nka antioxydants, UV absorbers, nibindi.
Uburyo bwo gukora icyuma cya PE sheath busa n'ubwa PVC, kandi uduce twa PE twongerwa kuri mashini isohora amazi hanyuma tugasohoka mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko kugira ngo habeho icyuma cy'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Agakoresho k'insinga za PE gafite ibyiza byo kudasaza neza kw'ibidukikije no kudakoresha imirasire ya UV, mu gihe igiciro kiri hasi, gakoreshwa cyane mu nsinga za optique, insinga za voltage nkeya, insinga z'itumanaho, insinga z'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'ahandi. Polyethylene ihuza (XLPE) ni ibikoresho by'insinga bifite imiterere myinshi y'amashanyarazi n'imashini. Bikorwa n'ibikoresho bya polyethylene bihuza ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Uburyo bwo guhuza bushobora gutuma ibikoresho bya polyethylene bikora imiterere y'urusobe rw'imirongo itatu, bigatuma bifite imbaraga nyinshi n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Agakoresho k'insinga za XLPE gakoreshwa cyane mu bijyanye n'insinga za voltage nyinshi, nko mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi, sitasiyo nto, nibindi. Gafite imiterere myiza y'amashanyarazi, imbaraga za mashini n'ubudahangarwa bw'imiti, ariko kandi gafite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kudakoresha ubushyuhe no kudakoresha ikirere.
Polyurethane (PUR)yerekeza ku itsinda rya pulasitiki ryakozwe mu mpera za 1930. Rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa shimi bwitwa addition polymerization. Ibikoresho fatizo akenshi ni peteroli, ariko ibikoresho by'ibimera nk'ibirayi, ibigori cyangwa beterave nabyo bishobora gukoreshwa mu kubikora. PUR ni ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu gupfuka insinga. Ni ibikoresho bya elastomer bifite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza, kudasaza, kudasiga amavuta no kudashira aside na alkali, mu gihe bifite imbaraga nziza za mekanike n'ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe. Insinga ya PUR ishobora kunozwa hongerwamo ibindi bintu bitandukanye, nk'ibidashira umuriro, ibintu birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, nibindi.
Uburyo bwo gukora icyuma cya PUR ni ugushyiramo uduce twa PUR mu cyuma gisohora amazi hanyuma ukadusohora mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko kugira ngo habeho icyuma cya tubulaire. Polyurethane ifite imiterere myiza cyane ya mekanike.
Ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza, kudaca no kudacika, kandi bikomeza koroha cyane ndetse no mu bushyuhe buke. Ibi bituma PUR ikwiriye cyane gukoreshwa mu bikorwa bisaba uburyo bwo kugenda no gupfunyika, nko gukurura iminyururu. Mu bikorwa bya roboti, insinga zifite PUR sheathing zishobora kwihanganira miliyoni nyinshi z'ingendo cyangwa imbaraga zikomeye zo guhindukira nta kibazo. PUR kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amavuta, imiti ihumanya ikirere n'imirasire ya ultraviolet. Byongeye kandi, bitewe n'imiterere y'ibikoresho, nta halogen ifite kandi ntirinda umuriro, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu by'ingenzi ku nsinga zemejwe na UL kandi zikoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Insinga za PUR zikunze gukoreshwa mu bwubatsi bw'imashini n'inganda, mu nganda zikora ikoranabuhanga, no mu nganda zikora imodoka.
Nubwo icyuma cya PUR gifite imiterere myiza, imiterere ya mekanike n'imiti, igiciro cyacyo kiri hejuru kandi ntikibereye mu birori bihendutse kandi bikorerwa ku bwinshi.
Elastomer ya thermoplastic ya polyurethane (TPU)ni ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu gupfuka insinga. Bitandukanye na polyurethane elastomer (PUR), TPU ni ibikoresho bikoresha thermoplastic kandi bishobora gutunganywa neza kandi bigashyirwa mu buryo bwa plasticity.
Agashishwa k'insinga za TPU gafite ubushobozi bwo kwangirika neza, gafite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza, gafite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza, gafite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza neza, gafite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza neza, gafite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza neza, gafite ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe bwinshi, gashobora kwihuza n'uburyo bwo kugenda no guhindagurika kw'ikirere.
Agashishwa k'insinga za TPU gakorwa no kongeramo uduce twa TPU mu gikoresho cyo gusohora no kugasohora mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko kugira ngo habeho agashishwa k'insinga z'umurambararo.
Gukingira insinga za TPU bikoreshwa cyane mu bikorwa byo kwihutisha imikorere y’inganda, ibikoresho by’imashini, sisitemu zo kugenzura ingendo, robots n’ibindi bikorwa, ndetse no mu modoka, amato n’ibindi bikorwa. Bifite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza no kugarura ubushyuhe, bishobora kurinda insinga neza, ariko kandi binarwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ubushyuhe buke.
Ugereranyije na PUR, gufunga insinga za TPU bifite akarusho ko gutunganya neza no gukoresha plastike, bishobora guhinduka bitewe n'ingano y'insinga n'imiterere yazo. Ariko, igiciro cyo gufunga insinga za TPU kiri hejuru, kandi ntikibereye mu bihe bihendutse kandi bikorerwa ku bwinshi.
Rubber ya silikoni (PU)ni ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu gupfuka insinga. Ni ibikoresho bya polymeri bikomoka ku bimera, bivuga uruhererekane rw'ingenzi rugizwe na atome za silicon na ogisijeni mu buryo bunyuranye, kandi atome ya silicon ikunze guhuzwa n'amatsinda abiri ya rubber. Rubber isanzwe ya silicone igizwe ahanini n'iminyururu ya silicone irimo amatsinda ya methyl n'ingano nto ya vinyl. Kwinjizwa kwa fenili bishobora kunoza ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubuke bwa rubber ya silicone, kandi kwinjizwa kwa trifluoropropyl na cyanide bishobora kunoza ubushyuhe no kudapfuka amavuta ya rubber ya silicone. PU ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, idapfuka ubukonje kandi idapfuka ogisijeni, kandi ifite no koroha no kugarura ubushyuhe. Uruheto rwa rubber ya silicone rushobora kunoza imikorere yarwo rwongeramo ibindi bintu bitandukanye, nk'ibintu birwanya kwangirika, ibintu birwanya amavuta, nibindi.
Uburyo bwo gukora umugozi w'icyuma cya silicone ni ugushyiramo uruvange rwa silicone mu gikoresho cyo gusohora no kuwusohora mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'igitutu kugira ngo habeho umugozi w'icyuma gifata umurambararo. Umugozi w'icyuma cya silicone ukoreshwa cyane mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'igitutu kinini, mu bijyanye no guhangana n'ikirere, nko mu kirere, inganda z'ingufu za kirimbuzi, peteroli, mu bya gisirikare n'ahandi.
Ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi no kurwanya ogisijeni, ishobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, ahantu hakomeye hangiritse, ariko kandi ifite imbaraga nziza za mekanike n'ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe, ishobora kwihuza n'ikirere kigoye cyo kugenda no guhindagura.
Ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho byo gupfuka insinga, gupfuka insinga za silicone rubber bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi birwanya ogisijeni, ariko kandi bifite ubworoherane bwiza kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe, bikwiranye n'ahantu hagoye gukorera. Ariko, igiciro cy'insinga za silicone rubber ni kinini, kandi ntabwo bikwiriye ibikorwa bihendutse kandi bikozwe mu bwinshi.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)ni ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa cyane byo gutwikira insinga, bizwi kandi nka polytetrafluoroethylene. Ni ibikoresho bya polymer bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi no kurwanya imiti, kandi bishobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi n'ibidukikije bikomeye bya ngese. Byongeye kandi, plastike ya fluorine ifite ubushobozi bwo kudatwika umuriro no kudashira.
Uburyo bwo gukora icyuma gikingira insinga za fluorine ni ugushyiramo uduce twa fluorine mu cyuma gikingira insinga hanyuma tukadusohora mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko kugira ngo habeho icyuma gikingira insinga.
Umugozi wa pulasitiki ukozwe muri fluorine ukoreshwa cyane mu kirere, inganda z'ingufu za kirimbuzi, peteroli n'izindi nzego zigezweho, ndetse no mu byuma bipima amashanyarazi, itumanaho ry'amatara n'izindi nzego. Ufite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ushobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, n'ubushyuhe bukomeye igihe kirekire, ariko kandi ufite imbaraga nziza za mashini no gusubiza ibintu mu buryo, ushobora kwimenyereza kugenda gukomeye kwa mashini no guhindagura ibintu.
Ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho by'icyuma gikingira insinga, icyuma gikingira insinga cya fluorine gifite ubudahangarwa bwinshi bwo kwangirika no kudashyuha cyane, kibereye ahantu hakorerwa cyane. Ariko, igiciro cy'icyuma gikingira insinga cya fluorine kiri hejuru, kandi ntikibereye mu bikorwa bihendutse kandi bikozwe mu bwinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 14 Ukwakira 2024