1 Intangiriro
Bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho mu myaka icumi ishize, urwego rw’ikoreshwa ry’insinga za fibre optique rwakomeje kwiyongera. Uko ibisabwa ku bidukikije ku nsinga za fibre optique bikomeza kwiyongera, ni nako ibisabwa ku bwiza bw’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu nsinga za fibre optique bigenda byiyongera. Kaseti ifunga amazi ya fibre optique ni ibikoresho bisanzwe bifunga amazi bikoreshwa mu nganda za fibre optique, uruhare rwo gufunga, kwirinda amazi, ubushuhe no kurinda ubushyuhe muri kaseti ya fibre optique rwamenyekanye cyane, kandi ubwoko bwayo n’imikorere byakomeje kunozwa no kunozwa hamwe n’iterambere rya kaseti ya fibre optique. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, imiterere ya "kumutse" yinjiye muri kaseti ya optique. Ubu bwoko bw’ibikoresho bikingira amazi bya kaseti akenshi ni uruvange rwa kaseti, ubudodo cyangwa irangi kugira ngo wirinde ko amazi yinjira mu mutima w’insinga. Bitewe n’uko imiyoboro ya fibre optique yumye ikomeje kwemerwa, ibikoresho bya kaseti ya fibre optique yumye birimo gusimbura vuba ibintu bisanzwe byuzuza kaseti ya peteroli. Ibikoresho byumutse bikoresha polima yinjiza amazi vuba kugira ngo ikore hydrogel, ibyimba kandi yuzuze inzira z’amazi zinjira muri kaseti. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko ibikoresho byumye by'ibanze bitagira amavuta afunganye, nta bikoresho byo guhanagura, gushonga cyangwa imashini zisukura bikenewe kugira ngo insinga zitegurwe, kandi igihe cyo gufunga insinga kiragabanuka cyane. Uburemere bworoheje bw'insinga n'uburyo ifatana neza hagati y'ubudodo bwo hanze n'igitambaro ntibigabanuka, bigatuma iba amahitamo akunzwe cyane.
2 Ingaruka z'amazi ku nsinga no ku buryo bwo kwirinda amazi
Impamvu nyamukuru ituma hafatwa ingamba zitandukanye zo gukumira amazi ni uko amazi yinjira mu mugozi ahinduka hydrogen na O-H- iyoni, ibyo bikazongera ibura ry’umugozi w’amashanyarazi, bikagabanya imikorere y’umugozi kandi bikagabanya igihe cy’umugozi. Ingamba zikunze gukoreshwa mu gukumira amazi ni ukuzuza amavuta ya peteroli no kongeramo kaseti ifunga amazi, inyuzwa mu cyuho kiri hagati y’inkingi y’umugozi n’agace k’umugozi kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi n’ubushuhe bikwirakwira mu buryo buhagaze, bityo bikagira uruhare mu gukumira amazi.
Iyo resine z’ubukorikori zikoreshwa ku bwinshi nk’ibikoresho bikingira mu nsinga za fibre optique (ubwa mbere mu nsinga), ibyo bikoresho bikingira ntibishobora kwinjirwa n’amazi. Iremwa ry’ “ibiti by’amazi” mu bikoresho bikingira ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru igira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ihererekanya ry’amazi. Uburyo ibikoresho bikingira bigirwaho ingaruka n’ibiti by’amazi busobanurwa ku buryo bukurikira: bitewe n’imbaraga zikomeye z’amashanyarazi (ikindi gitekerezo ni uko imiterere y’ibinyabutabire bya resine ihinduka bitewe n’isohoka rito cyane rya electron zihuta), molekile z’amazi zinjira mu mibare itandukanye y’imyenge mito iri mu bikoresho bikingira bya fibre optique. Molekile z’amazi zinjira mu mibare itandukanye y’imyenge mito mu bikoresho bikingira, zigakora “ibiti by’amazi”, buhoro buhoro zikiyongeramo amazi menshi kandi zigakwirakwira mu cyerekezo kirekire cy’insinga, kandi zigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’insinga. Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi y’ubushakashatsi n’igerageza mpuzamahanga, hagati mu myaka ya 1980, kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo gukuraho uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ibiti by’amazi, ni ukuvuga mbere y’uko insinga zisohoka zipfunyitse mu gice cyo kwinjiza amazi no kwagura uruzitiro rw’amazi kugira ngo hirindwe kandi bigabanye gukura kw’ibiti by’amazi, bizibire amazi mu nsinga iri imbere mu gice cyo hejuru; muri icyo gihe, bitewe n’ibyangiritse byo hanze no kwinjira mu mazi, uruzitiro rw’amazi rushobora kandi gufunga amazi vuba, atari mu gice cyo hejuru cy’insinga.
3 Incamake y'uruzitiro rw'amazi rukoreshwa mu nsinga
3. 1 Gushyira mu byiciro inzitizi z'amazi za fibre optique
Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gushyira mu byiciro inzitizi z'amazi zishingiye ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi, zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere yazo, ubwiza n'ubugari bwazo. Muri rusange, zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere yazo: inzitizi y'amazi ifite impande ebyiri, inzitizi y'amazi ifite impande imwe n'iy'imashini ikoze mu ruhu. Imikorere y'inzitizi z'amazi iterwa ahanini n'ibikoresho byinshi byo kwinjiza amazi (byitwa inzitizi y'amazi), bishobora kubyimba vuba nyuma y'uko inzitizi y'amazi ihuye n'amazi, bigatuma habaho ingano nini ya gel (inzitizi y'amazi ishobora kwinjiza amazi menshi kurusha ubwayo), bityo bikarinda gukura kw'igiti cy'amazi no gukumira ko amazi akomeza kwinjira no gukwirakwira. Ibi birimo polysaccharides karemano n'izihinduwe mu buryo bwa chimique.
Nubwo izi miti ibuza amazi mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa busanzwe ifite imiterere myiza, ifite ingaruka mbi ebyiri zikomeye:
1) Bishobora kubora kandi 2) Bishobora gushya cyane. Ibi bituma bidashoboka ko bikoreshwa mu bikoresho bya fibre optique. Ubundi bwoko bw'ibikoresho by'ubukorikori biri mu buryo bwo kwirinda amazi bugaragazwa na polyacrylates, zishobora gukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo kwirinda amazi ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi kuko zujuje ibisabwa bikurikira: 1) Iyo zumye, zishobora kurwanya imihangayiko iterwa no gukora insinga z'amashanyarazi;
2) iyo byumye, bishobora kwihanganira imikorere y'insinga z'amashanyarazi (gushyuha kuva ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba kugeza kuri 90 °C) bitagize ingaruka ku buzima bw'insinga, kandi bishobora no kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi igihe gito;
3) iyo amazi yinjiye, ashobora kubyimba vuba kandi agakora gel ifite umuvuduko wo kwaguka.
4) ikora jeli ifite imiterere ikomeye, nubwo haba hari ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe bwa jeli bugumaho igihe kirekire.
Uburyo bwo gukora imiti ikuraho amazi bushobora kugabanywamo uburyo gakondo bwa shimi – uburyo bwo guhindura intera (uburyo bwo gukora polimeri y’amazi mu mavuta), uburyo bwabo bwo gukora polimeri y’amazi – uburyo bwa disiki, uburyo bwo gukora imirasire – uburyo bwa “cobalt 60” γ-ray. Uburyo bwo gukora cross-link bushingiye ku buryo bwa “cobalt 60” γ-radiation. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora cross-link bufite urwego rutandukanye rwa polimeri n’ubwo gukora cross-link, bityo bukaba busaba cyane ibikoresho bibuza amazi bikenerwa muri kaseti zibuza amazi. Polyacrylates nke cyane ni zo zishobora kuzuza ibisabwa bine byavuzwe haruguru, dukurikije ubunararibonye, imiti ibuza amazi (resine zifata amazi) ntishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo ku gice kimwe cya polyacrylate ya sodium ifatanye, igomba gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa multi-polymer cross-link (ni ukuvuga ibice bitandukanye bya cross-linked sodium polyacrylate) kugira ngo hagerwe ku ntego yo gukora cross-linked wihuta kandi mwinshi w’amazi. Ibisabwa by'ibanze ni ibi bikurikira: uburyo amazi akuramo amazi menshi bushobora kugera ku nshuro 400, igipimo cyo kwinjiza amazi gishobora kugera ku munota wa mbere kugira ngo gikurure 75% by'amazi akururwa n'amazi; ibisabwa ku buryo amazi akuramo ubushyuhe: ubushyuhe burambye bushobora kugera kuri 90°C, ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora bushobora kugera kuri 160°C, ubushyuhe bushobora kugera kuri 230°C ako kanya (cyane cyane ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi zifite ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi); ibisabwa ku kwinjiza amazi nyuma yo gukora ibisabwa ku buryo amazi akuramo: nyuma y'ingendo nyinshi z'ubushyuhe (20°C ~ 95°C) Gukomera kwa gel nyuma yo kwinjiza amazi bisaba: gel ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imbaraga za gel nyuma y'ingendo nyinshi z'ubushyuhe (20°C kugeza 95°C). Gukomera kwa gel biratandukanye cyane bitewe n'uburyo bwo gukora n'ibikoresho byakoreshejwe n'uruganda. Muri icyo gihe, uko amazi akura vuba, ni ko ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigenda birushaho kwihuta, gukoresha inyongera ntibifasha hydrogel kuguma neza, kwangiza ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi, ariko ntibigamije kugera ku ngaruka zo kunanirwa amazi.
3. Ibiranga 3 bya kaseti ifunga amazi Nk'insinga mu gukora, gupima, gutwara, kubika no gukoresha inzira yo guhangana n'igeragezwa ry'ibidukikije, bityo ukurikije ikoreshwa ry'insinga zikoresha optique, ibisabwa kuri kaseti ifunga amazi ni ibi bikurikira:
1) isura y'ibinyabutabire, ibikoresho bivanze bidafite disamination na ifu, bifite imbaraga runaka za mekanike, bikwiranye n'ibyo insinga ikeneye;
2) ubwiza bungana, bushobora gusubiramo, kandi buhamye, mu miterere y'insinga ntabwo izavangwa kandi ntizatanga umusaruro
3) umuvuduko mwinshi wo kwaguka, umuvuduko wo kwaguka vuba, ubushobozi bwiza bwo kugumana gel;
4) ubushyuhe bwiza, bukwiriye gutunganywa mu buryo butandukanye nyuma yaho;
5) ihamye cyane mu binyabutabire, idafite ibice byangiza, irwanya bagiteri n'isuri y'ibihumyo;
6) guhuza neza n'ibindi bikoresho bya optique cable, oxidation resistance, nibindi.
4 Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'imikorere y'insinga z'amazi zirinda amazi
Ibisubizo byinshi by’ubushakashatsi bigaragaza ko kudahuza amazi neza n’imikorere y’insinga mu gihe kirekire bizatera ingaruka mbi cyane. Iyi ngaruka, mu gikorwa cyo gukora no kugenzura insinga z’amashanyarazi mu ruganda biragoye kuyibona, ariko izagenda igaragara buhoro buhoro mu gihe cyo gushyiraho insinga nyuma yo kuyikoresha. Kubwibyo, guteza imbere ku gihe amahame ngenderwaho y’ibizamini yuzuye kandi nyayo, kugira ngo haboneke ishingiro ryo gusuzuma impande zose, byabaye akazi kihutirwa. Ubushakashatsi bwagutse bw’umwanditsi, ubushakashatsi n’igerageza ku mikandara ifunga amazi byatanze ishingiro rihagije rya tekiniki mu guteza imbere amahame ngenderwaho ya tekiniki ya mikandara ifunga amazi. Kumenya ibipimo by’imikorere y’agaciro k’insinga z’amazi hashingiwe kuri ibi bikurikira:
1) ibisabwa ku gipimo ngenderwaho cy'insinga z'amashanyarazi ku gice cy'amazi (cyane cyane ibisabwa ku gikoresho cy'insinga z'amashanyarazi mu gipimo ngenderwaho cy'insinga z'amashanyarazi);
2) uburambe mu gukora no gukoresha inzitizi z'amazi hamwe na raporo z'ibizamini bireba;
3) ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku ngaruka imiterere ya kaseti zifunga amazi ku mikorere y'insinga za fibre optique.
4. 1 Isura
Ishusho ya kaseti irinda amazi igomba kuba ingana; ubuso bugomba kuba buringaniye kandi budafite iminkanyari, uduce duto cyangwa amarira; nta bice by'ubugari bwa kaseti bigomba kuba bidafite ivangura; kaseti igomba kuba ipfundikiye neza kandi impande za kaseti ifatwa mu ntoki zigomba kuba zidafite "ishusho y'ingofero y'ibyatsi".
4.2 Imbaraga za mekanike z'aho amazi ahagarara
Ingufu zo gukurura amazi ziterwa n'uburyo bwo gukora kaseti idafunze ya polyester, mu gihe kimwe mu mibare, uburyo bwa viscose ni bwiza kurusha uburyo bwo gukurura amazi bushyushye, ubunini nabwo ni buto. Ingufu zo gukurura amazi ziterwa n'uburyo insinga zipfunyitse cyangwa zizungurutse insinga.
Iki ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi ku mikanda ibiri ifunga amazi, aho uburyo bwo gupima bugomba guhuzwa n'igikoresho, amazi n'uburyo bwo gupima. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bifunga amazi muri kaseti ifunga amazi ni sodium polyacrylate ifatanye igice kimwe n'ibikomoka kuri yo, byita ku miterere n'imiterere y'ibisabwa mu bwiza bw'amazi, kugira ngo hahuzwe uburebure bw'akaseti ifunga amazi, hagomba gukoreshwa amazi yakuwemo iayoni (amazi yakuwemo iayoni akoreshwa mu guca imanza), kuko nta gice cy'ayiyoni na cationic kibaho mu mazi yakuwemo iayoni, ari yo mazi meza. Uburyo bwo gukurura amazi yakuwemo iayoni mu bwiza butandukanye bw'amazi buratandukanye cyane, niba uburyo bwo gukurura amazi mu mazi meza ari 100% by'agaciro k'amazi; mu mazi ya robine ni 40% kugeza 60% (biterwa n'ubwiza bw'amazi buri hantu); mu mazi yo mu nyanja ni 12%; amazi yo munsi y'ubutaka cyangwa amazi yo mu muyoboro w'amazi aragoye cyane, biragoye kumenya ijanisha ry'uburyo amazi akwemo, kandi agaciro kayo kazaba gake cyane. Kugira ngo insinga ikomeze gukora neza kandi ikomeze gukora neza, ni byiza gukoresha agakoresho gakingira amazi gafite uburebure bwa mm 10.
4.3 Imiterere y'amashanyarazi
Muri rusange, insinga ya optique ntabwo irimo uburyo bwo kohereza ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi by'insinga y'icyuma, bityo ntukoreshe kaseti y'amazi irwanya amashanyarazi, Wang Qiang 33 gusa, n'ibindi: kaseti irwanya amashanyarazi y'insinga ya optique
Insinga z'amashanyarazi zivanze mbere yuko ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi bibaho, ibisabwa byihariye hakurikijwe imiterere y'insinga nk'uko amasezerano abiteganya.
4.4 Gukomera ku bushyuhe Ubwoko bwinshi bwa kaseti zifunga amazi bushobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu guhagarara ku bushyuhe: guhagarara ku bushyuhe bw'igihe kirekire bwa 90°C, ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora bwa 160°C, guhagarara ku bushyuhe bw'ako kanya bwa 230°C. Imikorere ya kaseti ifunga amazi ntigomba guhinduka nyuma y'igihe runaka kuri ubu bushyuhe.
Ingufu za gel zigomba kuba ari zo ziranga cyane ibikoresho bijya mu mazi, mu gihe igipimo cyo kwaguka gikoreshwa gusa mu kugabanya uburebure bw'amazi yinjira mu ntangiriro (munsi ya metero 1). Ibikoresho byiza byo kwaguka bigomba kuba bifite igipimo cyo kwaguka gikwiye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibikoresho bibi byo kubuza amazi, nubwo bifite igipimo cyo kwaguka kinini n'ubushyuhe buke, bizaba bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kubuza amazi. Ibi bishobora kugeragezwa ugereranije n'ingendo nyinshi z'ubushyuhe. Mu gihe cy'amazi, gel izacikamo amazi make yo kubuza amazi kwangirika bityo ikangiza ubwiza bwayo. Ibi bigerwaho ukoresheje amazi meza arimo ifu yo kubyimba mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Gel ivuyemo itandukana n'amazi arenze hanyuma igashyirwa muri viscometer izenguruka kugira ngo ipime ubushyuhe mbere na nyuma y'amasaha 24 kuri 95°C. Itandukaniro mu guhagarara kwa gel rirashobora kugaragara. Ibi bikunze gukorwa mu ngendo z'amasaha 8 kuva kuri 20°C kugeza 95°C n'amasaha 8 kuva kuri 95°C kugeza 20°C. Amabwiriza y'Abadage ajyanye nayo asaba ingendo 126 z'amasaha 8.
4. 5 Guhuza Guhuza kw'uruzitiro rw'amazi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane mu bijyanye n'ubuzima bw'insinga ya fibre optique, bityo bikaba bikwiye kwitabwaho mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho bya fibre optique bikoreshwa kugeza ubu. Kubera ko guhuza bifata igihe kirekire kugira ngo bigaragare, ikizamini cyo gusaza cyihuta kigomba gukoreshwa, ni ukuvuga ko icyitegererezo cy'ibikoresho bya insinga gihanagurwa neza, gipfundikirwa n'urupapuro rw'amazi rwumye kandi kigashyirwa mu cyumba gishyushye ku bushyuhe buhoraho kuri 100°C mu gihe cy'iminsi 10, hanyuma ubwiza bugapimwa. Ingufu zo gukurura no kurekura kw'ibikoresho ntibigomba guhindukaho ibirenze 20% nyuma y'ikizamini.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Nyakanga-2022