Mu ishyirwaho ry’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’inganda, guhitamo ubwoko butari bwo bwa “insinga ifite ingufu nyinshi” cyangwa “insinga ifite ingufu nke” bishobora gutuma ibikoresho bipfa, umuriro ubura, ndetse n’umusaruro ugahagarara, cyangwa se impanuka z’umutekano mu bihe bikomeye. Ariko, abantu benshi basobanukiwe gusa itandukaniro riri hagati y’imiterere y’ibikoresho byombi kandi akenshi bahitamo bitewe n’uburambe cyangwa “kugabanya ikiguzi”, bigatera amakosa menshi. Guhitamo insinga itari yo bishobora guteza ibibazo by’ibikoresho gusa, ahubwo bishobora no guteza ingaruka mbi ku mutekano. Uyu munsi, reka tuganire ku tandukaniro riri hagati yabyo n’“ingorane” eshatu z’ingenzi ugomba kwirinda mu gihe cyo guhitamo.
1. Isesengura ry'imiterere: Insinga zifite Voltage nyinshi ugereranyije n'izifite Voltage nke
Abantu benshi batekereza bati, “Insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi ni insinga zifite amashanyarazi make,” ariko mu by’ukuri, imiterere yazo ifite itandukaniro ry’ibanze, kandi buri cyiciro gihuye neza n’urwego rw’amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo wumve itandukaniro, tangira usobanure “amashanyarazi menshi” na “amashanyarazi make”:
Insinga zifite voltage nke: Voltage ifite amanota ≤ 1 kV (ubusanzwe 0.6/1 kV), ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukwirakwiza inyubako no gutanga amashanyarazi ku bikoresho bito;
Insinga zifite voltage nyinshi: Voltage ifite amanota ≥ 1 kV (ubusanzwe 6 kV, 10 kV, 35 kV, 110 kV), ikoreshwa mu kohereza amashanyarazi, sitasiyo nto, n'ibikoresho binini by'inganda.
(1) Umuyobozi: Ntabwo ari “Umubyibuho” ahubwo ni “Ubuziranenge ni ingenzi”
Imashini zitwara insinga zifite voltage nkeya akenshi zikorwa mu nsinga z'umuringa zifite imigozi myinshi (urugero, imigozi 19 mu nsinga za BV), ahanini kugira ngo zihuze n'ibisabwa mu "bushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro";
Imashini zikora insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi, nubwo zifite umuringa cyangwa aluminiyumu, zifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru (≥99.95%) kandi zikoresha uburyo bwo "gufunga impande nto" (kugabanya icyuho) kugira ngo zigabanye ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubuso bw'imashini kandi zigabanye "ingaruka z'uruhu" bitewe n'imbaraga nyinshi (amashanyarazi yibanda ku buso bw'imashini, bigatera ubushyuhe).
(2) Ubwikorezi bw'Insinga: Ishingiro ry'Insinga zifite Voltage nyinshi "zo kurinda Insinga nyinshi"
Uduce tw’insinga zirinda umuriro dufite voltage nkeya ni duto cyane (urugero, ubugari bwa insinga 0.6/1 kV ~ 3.4 mm), ahanini ni PVC cyangwaXLPE, ahanini bifasha "gutandukanya umuyobozi w'imodoka n'inyuma";
Uduce tw’insinga dufite voltage nyinshi turakomeye cyane (insinga 6 kV ~ 10 mm, 110 kV kugeza kuri mm 20) kandi tugomba gutsinda ibizamini bikomeye nka "voltage ihangana n'ingufu" na "voltage ihangana n'imirasire y'amashanyarazi." Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, insinga zifite voltage nyinshi zongereraho kaseti zifunga amazi n'uduce duto dutanga amashanyarazi muri insinga:
Kaseti ifunga amazi: Ibuza amazi kwinjira (ubushuhe buri munsi y'amashanyarazi menshi bushobora gutera "gucika kw'amazi," bigatera kwangirika k'ubushyuhe);
Igice gitwara umuriro: Gituma amashanyarazi akwirakwira mu buryo bumwe (kirinda ko amashanyarazi akwirakwira mu gace runaka, bishobora gutuma amazi asohoka).
Amakuru: Urusobe rw'insinga rutanga 40%-50% by'igiciro cy'insinga zifite voltage nyinshi (15%-20% gusa ku zikoresha voltage nke), iyi ikaba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma insinga zifite voltage nyinshi zihenda cyane.
(3) Uburinzi n'Ikiganza cy'icyuma: "Intwaro zo kurwanya ikibazo" ku nsinga zifite ingufu nyinshi
Insinga zifite voltage nke muri rusange nta gice cyo kuzikingira (usibye insinga z'ibimenyetso), aho amakoti yo hanze yiganjemo PVC cyangwa polyethylene;
Insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi (cyane cyane ≥6 kV) zigomba kuba zifite icyuma gikingira (urugero,kaseti y'umuringa, umuringa wo mu bwoko bwa "copper braid") n'ibikapu by'icyuma (urugero: igikapu cy'icyuma, igikapu cya aluminiyumu cya "corrugated aluminium"):
Uburinzi bw'icyuma: Bugabanya ingufu nyinshi mu gice cy'ubushyuhe, bugabanya imikorere y'amashanyarazi (EMI), kandi bugatanga inzira y'umuriro w'amakosa;
Agashishwa k'icyuma: Kongera imbaraga za mekanike (gukomera no kudakomera) kandi gakora nk' "ingabo yo gukingira hasi," bigabanya imbaraga zo gukingira ikirere.
(4) Ikoti ryo hanze: Rifite imbaraga nyinshi ku nsinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Amakoti y'insinga afite voltage nkeya ahanini arinda kwangirika no kwangirika;
Amakoti y'insinga afite ingufu nyinshi agomba kandi kurwanya amavuta, ubukonje, ozone, nibindi (urugero, PVC + inyongeramusaruro zirwanya ikirere). Porogaramu zidasanzwe (urugero, insinga zo munsi y'amazi) zishobora kandi gusaba insinga z'icyuma (zirwanya umuvuduko w'amazi n'umuvuduko wo gukurura).
2. "Intego" 3 z'ingenzi zo kwirinda mu gihe uhitamo insinga
Nyuma yo gusobanukirwa itandukaniro ry’imiterere y’inyubako, ugomba kandi kwirinda iyi “mitego ihishe” mu gihe cyo gutoranya; bitabaye ibyo, ibiciro bishobora kwiyongera, cyangwa hakabaho ingaruka z’umutekano.
(1) Gukurikirana mu buryo butari bwo "Impamyabushobozi yo hejuru" cyangwa "Igiciro gito"
Igitekerezo kitari cyo: Bamwe batekereza ko "gukoresha insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi aho gukoresha amashanyarazi make ari byo byiza," cyangwa bakoresha insinga zifite amashanyarazi make kugira ngo bazigame amafaranga.
Ingaruka: Insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi zirahenze cyane; guhitamo amashanyarazi menshi bitari ngombwa byongera ingengo y'imari. Gukoresha insinga zifite amashanyarazi make mu bihe bifite amashanyarazi menshi bishobora kwangiza ubwikorezi bw'amashanyarazi ako kanya, bigatera imiyoboro migufi, inkongi z'umuriro, cyangwa bigashyira abakozi mu kaga.
Uburyo bwiza: Guhitamo hashingiwe ku rugero nyarwo rw'amashanyarazi n'ibikenewe mu ngufu, urugero, amashanyarazi yo mu rugo (220V/380V) akoresha insinga zifite voltage nkeya, moteri zikoresha voltage nyinshi (10 kV) zigomba guhuza insinga zifite voltage nyinshi — ntizigere "zigabanya" cyangwa "zivugurura" mu buryo butari bwo.
(2) Kwirengagiza "Ibyangiritse Bihishe" Biturutse ku Bidukikije
Igitekerezo kibi: Tekereza gusa ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi, wirengagize ibidukikije, urugero, gukoresha insinga zisanzwe mu bihe by'ubukonje, ubushyuhe bwinshi, cyangwa byangiza ibidukikije.
Ingaruka: Insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi mu bidukikije bifite ubushuhe bwinshi hamwe n’ingabo cyangwa amakoti byangiritse zishobora gusaza ubushuhe; insinga zifite amashanyarazi make mu bice bishyuha cyane (urugero, mu byumba by’amazi) zishobora koroha no kwangirika.
Uburyo bwiza: Sobanura imiterere y'aho ishyirwa — insinga zirinda kwangirika kugira ngo zishyirwemo, insinga zirinda kwangirika zirinda kwangirika zikoreshwa munsi y'amazi, ibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi (XLPE ≥90℃) ku bidukikije bishyuha, amakoti arwanya kwangirika mu nganda zikora imiti.
(3) Kwirengagiza guhuza "Ubushobozi bwo gutwara n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo"
Igitekerezo kibi: Ibande gusa ku rugero rw'amashanyarazi, wirengagize ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi y'insinga (amashanyarazi yemewe ntarengwa) cyangwa ukandagire cyane/ugonge mu gihe cyo gushyiraho.
Ingaruka: Ubushobozi buke bw'amashanyarazi butera ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bugatuma insinga zishyuha cyane zishaza; insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi (urugero, gukurura cyane, gupfunyika cyane) zishobora kwangiza uburyo insinga zikingira n'uburyo insinga zikingira, bigatera ibyago byo kwangirika.
Uburyo bwiza: Hitamo ibisabwa ku nsinga hashingiwe ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi wabaye (tekereza ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi utangira, ubushyuhe bw'ikirere); kurikiza neza ibisabwa ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi mu gihe cyo gushyiraho (umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi menshi akenshi uba ≥15 × umurambararo w'inyuma w'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi), wirinde gukanda no kwibasirwa n'izuba.
3. Ibuka "Amategeko 3 y'indabyo" yo kwirinda ingorane zo guhitamo
(1) Genzura imiterere y'amashanyarazi anyuranyije n'amashanyarazi:
Insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi n'ibice bikingira ni ingenzi; insinga zifite amashanyarazi make ntizisaba igishushanyo mbonera kirenze urugero.
(2) Huza amanota neza:
Ingufu z'amashanyarazi, ingufu, n'ibidukikije bigomba kuba bihuye; ntuzazamure cyangwa ngo ugabanuke ukoresheje imbaraga.
(3) Kugenzura amakuru ajyanye n'amahame ngenderwaho:
Ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro, uburebure bw'umurambararo, n'urwego rw'uburinzi bigomba gukurikiza amahame y'igihugu - ntukishingikirize ku bunararibonye gusa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-29-2025