Guhitamo insinga ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu gushushanya no gushyiraho amashanyarazi. Guhitamo nabi bishobora guteza ibibazo by'umutekano (nk'ubushyuhe bukabije cyangwa inkongi y'umuriro), kugabanuka cyane k'amashanyarazi, kwangirika kw'ibikoresho, cyangwa imikorere mibi ya sisitemu. Dore ibintu by'ingenzi ugomba kuzirikana mu gihe uhitamo insinga:
1. Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'amashanyarazi
(1) Agace k'aho umuyobozi anyura:
Ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro: Iki ni cyo gipimo cy'ingenzi cyane. Insinga igomba kuba ishobora gutwara umuriro ntarengwa uhoraho w'uruziga utarenze ubushyuhe bwemewe bwo gukora. Reba imbonerahamwe z'ubugari mu bipimo bireba (nka IEC 60287, NEC, GB/T 16895.15).
Kugabanuka kwa Voltage: Umuriro unyura mu mugozi utera kugabanuka kwa Voltage. Uburebure bukabije cyangwa uburebure budahagije bushobora gutuma Voltage iba nke ku mpera y'umuzigo, bigagira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ibikoresho (cyane cyane moteri itangira). Kubara igabanuka rya Voltage yose kuva ku isoko y'amashanyarazi kugera ku muzigo, urebe neza ko iri mu rugero rwemewe (ubusanzwe ≤3% ku matara, ≤5% ku ngufu).
Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira umuvuduko mugufi: Insinga igomba kwihanganira umuvuduko mugufi ntarengwa ushoboka muri sisitemu nta kwangirika k'ubushyuhe mbere yuko igikoresho gikingira gikora (igenzura ry'ubushyuhe). Uduce duto duto dufite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi.
(2) Voltage ifite amanota:
Voltage y'umugozi (urugero, 0.6/1kV, 8.7/15kV) ntigomba kuba munsi y'voltage y'umuzingo wa sisitemu (urugero, 380V, 10kV) hamwe n'voltage iyo ari yo yose ishoboka yo gukora. Tekereza ihindagurika ry'voltage ya sisitemu n'imiterere y'voltage irenze urugero.
(3) Ibikoresho by'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi:
Umuringa: Ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro bwinshi (~58 MS/m), ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro bukomeye, imbaraga nziza za mekanike, ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika, ingingo zoroshye gufata, igiciro kiri hejuru. Ikoreshwa cyane.
Aluminium: Ifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu buri hasi (~35 MS/m2), isaba ibice binini kugira ngo igere ku bunini bumwe, uburemere bworoshye, igiciro gito, ariko imbaraga nke za mekanike, ishobora kwangirika, ikenera ibikoresho byihariye n'inyongeramusaruro ku ngingo. Ikunze gukoreshwa ku mirongo minini y'ibice cyangwa ku bikorwa byihariye.
2. Imiterere n'ibisabwa mu gushyiraho
(1) Uburyo bwo gushyiraho:
Mu kirere: Amasahani y'insinga, urwego, imiyoboro, imiyoboro, ubuso bushyizwe ku nkuta, nibindi. Imiterere itandukanye yo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe igira ingaruka ku bugari bw'aho ibintu bihurira (guhagarara gukenewe kugira ngo hashyirwemo ibintu byinshi).
Munsi y'ubutaka: Ipfundikiye cyangwa ipfundikiye. Tekereza uburyo ubutaka bushobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe, uburebure bw'ubutaka, kuba hafi y'ahandi hantu hashyuha (urugero: imiyoboro y'umwuka). Ubushuhe bw'ubutaka n'uburyo bushobora kwangirika bigira ingaruka ku guhitamo icyuma gipfundikira.
Munsi y'amazi: Bisaba inyubako zidasanzwe zitagira amazi (urugero: icyuma cy'icyuma gifunga amazi, urwego rufunga amazi) hamwe n'uburinzi bwa mashini.
Gushyiraho byihariye: Uburyo bwo guhagarara buhagaze (tekereza ku buremere bwawe), imiyoboro y'insinga/imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, n'ibindi.
(2) Ubushyuhe bw'ikirere:
Ubushyuhe bw'ikirere bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku gushonga k'ubushyuhe bw'insinga. Imbonerahamwe zisanzwe z'ubushyuhe zishingiye ku bushyuhe bw'ikigereranyo (urugero: 30°C mu kirere, 20°C mu butaka). Niba ubushyuhe nyabwo burenze urugero rw'ikigereranyo, ubushyuhe bugomba gukosorwa (gusubikwa). Witondere cyane ahantu hashyuha cyane (urugero: mu byumba by'ubushyuhe, mu turere dushyuha).
(3) Iruhande rw'izindi nsinga:
Gushyiramo insinga nini bituma ubushyuhe bukwirakwira hamwe n'ubushyuhe buzamuka. Insinga nyinshi zishyirwa ahantu hamwe (cyane cyane nta cyuho cyangwa mu muyoboro umwe) zigomba gucibwa hashingiwe ku mubare, imiterere (gukoraho / kudakoraho).
(4) Imihangayiko ya tekiniki:
Umutwaro wo Gukurura: Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho imiyoboro ihagaze cyangwa intera ndende yo gukurura, tekereza ku buremere bw'insinga no gukurura; hitamo insinga zifite imbaraga zihagije zo gukurura (urugero, insinga z'icyuma).
Ingaruka z'umuvuduko/Ingaruka: Insinga zihishe mu buryo butaziguye zigomba kwihanganira imitwaro yo hejuru n'ibyago byo gucukura; insinga zishyirwa ku gipangu zishobora gukandamizwa. Ibyuma (kaseti y'icyuma, insinga y'icyuma) bitanga uburinzi bukomeye bwa mekanike.
Umwanya wo Kugonda: Mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no guhindukira, umurambararo wo kugonda insinga ntugomba kuba muto urenze urugero rwemewe, kugira ngo wirinde kwangiza inyubako n'agace k'icyuma.
(5) Ibyago bikomoka ku bidukikije:
Kwangirika kw'ibinyabutabire: Ibinyabutabire, ibinyabutabire by'amazi yanduye, ahantu hashyushye h'umunyu wo ku nkombe bisaba ibikoresho birwanya kwangirika (urugero: PVC, LSZH, PE) cyangwa imiterere y'inyuma. Hashobora kuba hakenewe ibikoresho bidakoresha ibyuma (urugero: fibre y'ikirahure).
Kwanduza amavuta: Ibigega by'amavuta, aho bakorera imashini zitunganya amavuta bisaba ibikoresho birwanya amavuta (urugero: PVC yihariye, CPE, CSP).
Guhura n'imiraba y'urumuri: Insinga zo hanze zigaragaraho imirasire y'urumuri zikenera ibikoresho bikingira imirasire y'urumuri (urugero: PE y'umukara, PVC yihariye).
Imbeba/Umuswa: Hari uturere dukenera insinga zirinda imbeba/umuswa (imikandara irimo imiti irinda imbeba, amakoti akomeye, ibyuma bikingira).
Ubushuhe/Kwibira mu mazi: Ahantu hatose cyangwa huzuye amazi hasaba inyubako nziza zirinda ubushuhe/amazi (urugero: amazi afunga imirasire, icyuma gikingira amazi).
Ibirere biturika: Bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa mu gace kangiza kandi kadashobora guturika (urugero: ibirinda inkongi z'umuriro, LSZH, insinga zirinda ubushyuhe bw'amabuye y'agaciro).
3. Imiterere y'insinga n'uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho
(1) Ibikoresho byo gukingira:
Polyethylene ifatanye n'izindi (XLPE): Ikoranabuhanga ryiza cyane mu bushyuhe buri hejuru (90°C), ubushobozi bwo hejuru, imiterere myiza ya dielectric, kurwanya imiti, imbaraga nziza za mekanike. Ikoreshwa cyane ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi ziciriritse/ziciriritse. Amahitamo ya mbere.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Ihendutse, irakuze, irazima neza, ubushyuhe buke bwo gukora (70°C), iracikagurika ku bushyuhe buke, isohora imyuka ya halogen irimo uburozi n'umwotsi mwinshi iyo ihiye. Iracyakoreshwa cyane ariko irushaho kugabanuka.
Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR): Ihindagurika ry'ikirere, ozone, irwanya imiti, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gukora (90°C), ikoreshwa mu bikoresho bigendanwa, mu mazi, mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ikiguzi kiri hejuru.
Ibindi: Rubber ya silikoni (>180°C), ubutare bukingira (MI - conductor y'umuringa ifite ubutare bukingira magnesium oxide, imikorere myiza cyane y'umuriro) ikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye.
(2) Ibikoresho byo mu gikoni:
PVC: Irinda neza ikoranabuhanga, irinda umuriro, ihendutse, ikoreshwa cyane. Irimo halogen, umwotsi w'uburozi iyo itwitswe.
PE: Ubushuhe n'ubudahangarwa bwiza cyane, bikunze kugaragara mu byuma byo hanze bitwikiriwe n'insinga. Ubushyuhe buke bwo gucika.
Halogen y'umwotsi muke nta ruhushya (LSZH / LS0H / LSF): Umwotsi muke, ntabwo ari uburozi (nta gaze ya aside halogen ihari), urumuri rwinshi ruturuka mu gihe cyo gutwika. Ni ngombwa ahantu hahurira abantu benshi (muri gari ya moshi zo munsi y'ubutaka, mu maduka, mu bitaro, mu nyubako ndende).
Polyolefin irinda umuriro: Yujuje ibisabwa byihariye birinda umuriro.
Guhitamo bigomba kuzirikana uburyo bwo kwirinda ibidukikije (amavuta, ikirere, imirasire ya UV) ndetse n'ibikenewe mu kurinda ikoranabuhanga.
(3) Uduce tw'uburinzi:
Ikingira ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi: Rikenewe ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi ziri hagati/ziri hejuru (>3.6/6kV), ringana n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uri hejuru y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Uburinzi bwo gukingira: Bukenewe ku nsinga z'amashanyarazi ari hagati/ari hejuru, bukorana n'uburinzi bwo kuyobora amashanyarazi kugira ngo bugenzurwe neza.
Uburinzi bw'icyuma/Intwaro: Butanga EMC (irinda kubangamira/kugabanya imyuka ihumanya) cyangwa inzira ngufi (igomba gukurwaho itaka) n'uburinzi bw'imashini. Imiterere isanzwe: kaseti y'umuringa, insinga z'umuringa (uburinzi + inzira ngufi), insinga z'icyuma (uburinzi bw'imashini), insinga z'icyuma (uburinzi bw'imashini), icyuma gikingira insinga (uburinzi bw'imashini), icyuma gikingira insinga (uburinzi bw'imashini) (uburinzi bw'imashini + uburinzi bw'imashini).
(4) Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gukingira:
Insinga z'icyuma (SWA): Uburinzi bwiza bwo gukanda no gukurura ibintu muri rusange, kugira ngo umuntu ashyingurwe mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa akoreshwe mu buryo bwa mekanike.
Insinga Zikozwe mu Giti Gishyushye (GWA): Ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo gukurura, zo gukoresha mu buryo buhagaze, mu buryo bunini, no mu buryo bwo munsi y'amazi.
Intwaro zidafite icyuma: Kaseti y'ikirahure, itanga imbaraga za mekanike mu gihe idakoresha ingufu za rukuruzi, yoroheje, irinda ingese, bitewe n'ibikenewe byihariye.
4. Ibisabwa ku mutekano n'amategeko
(1) Kudakomeza gutwika:
Hitamo insinga zujuje ibisabwa mu kwirinda inkongi z'umuriro (urugero, IEC 60332-1/3 ku kurwanya inkongi z'umuriro imwe cyangwa nyinshi, BS 6387 CWZ ku kurwanya inkongi z'umuriro, GB/T 19666) hashingiwe ku byago byo gutwika no gusohoka. Ahantu hahurira abantu benshi n'aho hagoranye gutoroka hagomba gukoreshwa insinga za LSZH zirinda inkongi z'umuriro.
(2) Kurwanya inkongi y'umuriro:
Ku bijyanye n'insinga zikomeye zigomba kugumana ingufu mu gihe cy'inkongi y'umuriro (imashini zitanga umuriro, umuyaga w'umwotsi, amatara yihutirwa, insinga zitanga amakuru), koresha insinga zirinda umuriro (urugero, insinga za MI, inyubako zirinda umuriro za mica-taped organic insulated) zapimwe ku bipimo ngenderwaho (urugero, BS 6387, IEC 60331, GB/T 19216).
(3) Nta Halogen irimo kandi nta mwotsi mwinshi:
Ni ngombwa mu bice bifite umutekano mwinshi n'ibikoresho birinda (ahantu ho gutwara abantu n'ibintu, aho amakuru aturuka, ibitaro, inyubako nini za leta).
(4) Iyubahirizwa ry'Amahame Ngenderwaho n'Icyemezo:
Insinga zigomba kubahiriza amahame n'ibyemezo bisabwa aho umushinga uzabera (urugero: CCC mu Bushinwa, CE muri EU, BS mu Bwongereza, UL muri Amerika).
5. Ikiguzi cy'ubukungu n'ubuzima
Igiciro cy'ishoramari rya mbere: Igiciro cy'insinga n'ibindi bikoresho (ibihuriweho, iherezo).
Igiciro cyo gushyiraho: Gitandukanye bitewe n'ingano y'insinga, uburemere, ubushobozi bwo koroha, ndetse no koroshya kuyishyiraho.
Igiciro cy'igihombo mu mikorere: Ubudahangarwa bwa conductor butera igihombo cya I²R. Conductor nini zihenda cyane mu ntangiriro ariko zigabanya igihombo cy'igihe kirekire.
Ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga: Insinga zizewe kandi ziramba zifite ikiguzi gito cyo kubungabunga.
Igihe cyo gukoresha: Insinga nziza cyane ahantu hakwiye zishobora kumara imyaka irenga 30. Suzuma neza kugira ngo wirinde guhitamo insinga zidafite imiterere ihanitse cyangwa mbi ukurikije ikiguzi cyazo cya mbere.
6. Ibindi byo kwitabwaho
Isesengura ry'icyiciro n'ibimenyetso: Ku nsinga z'ingenzi cyangwa izishyirwa mu buryo butandukanye, reba neza ko isesengura ry'icyiciro n'amabara ari byo (bikurikije ibipimo by'aho utuye).
Guhuza Ibumba n'Ibikoresho: Ibikoresho by'icyuma n'ibikoresho bigomba gushingwa neza (ubusanzwe ku mpera zombi) kugira ngo bigire umutekano kandi bikomeze.
Ingano y'ibicuruzwa: Tekereza ku mikorere ishobora kwiyongera cyangwa impinduka mu mikorere mu gihe kizaza, ongera imikorere y'ibicuruzwa cyangwa ubike imikorere y'ibicuruzwa bisigaye niba bikenewe.
Guhuza: Ibikoresho by'insinga (imigozi, ingingo, imipaka) bigomba kuba bihuye n'ubwoko bw'insinga, voltage, n'ingano y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Ubwiza n'Ubwiza bw'Umutanga: Hitamo inganda zizwi kandi zifite ubuziranenge buhamye.
Kugira ngo imikorere myiza n'ubwizerwe, guhitamo insinga ikwiye bijyana no guhitamo ibikoresho byiza. Muri ONE WORLD, dutanga ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho fatizo by'insinga n'insinga - harimo ibikoresho byo gukingira, ibikoresho byo gupfuka, kaseti, ibikoresho byo kuzuza, n'ubudodo - byagenewe kuzuza ibisabwa n'amahame atandukanye, bishyigikira imiterere n'ishyirwaho ry'insinga mu buryo bwizewe kandi bunoze.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-15-2025