Guhitamo insinga nintambwe ikomeye mugushushanya amashanyarazi no kuyashyiraho. Guhitamo nabi birashobora kugutera guhungabanya umutekano (nko gushyuha cyane cyangwa umuriro), kugabanuka kwinshi kwa voltage, kwangiza ibikoresho, cyangwa sisitemu nke. Hano haribintu byingenzi ugomba gusuzuma muguhitamo umugozi:
1. Ibipimo by'amashanyarazi
(1) Umuyoboro uhuza ibice:
Ubushobozi bwo Gutwara Ubu: Nibintu byingenzi byingenzi. Umugozi ugomba kuba ushobora gutwara imiyoboro ntarengwa ikomeza yumuzunguruko utarenze ubushyuhe bwemewe bwo gukora. Reba imbonerahamwe ya ampacity mubipimo bifatika (nka IEC 60287, NEC, GB / T 16895.15).
Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi: Ibiri gutembera muri kabili bitera kugabanuka kwa voltage. Uburebure bukabije cyangwa ibice bidahagije bishobora kuganisha ku muvuduko muke ku musozo, bikagira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ibikoresho (cyane cyane gutangira moteri). Kubara igiteranyo cya voltage igabanuka kuva mumashanyarazi kugera kumuzigo, urebe ko iri murwego rwemewe (mubisanzwe ≤3% kumuri, ≤5% kububasha).
Inzira ngufi zihanganira ubushobozi: Umugozi ugomba kwihanganira imiyoboro ntarengwa ngufi ishoboka muri sisitemu nta kwangirika kw’umuriro mbere yuko igikoresho gikingira gikora (kugenzura ubushyuhe bwumuriro). Ibice binini byambukiranya ibice bifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubushobozi.
(2) Umuvuduko ukabije:
Umuyoboro wateganijwe wa kabili (urugero, 0,6 / 1kV, 8.7 / 15kV) ntugomba kuba munsi yumubyigano wa nominal (urugero, 380V, 10kV) hamwe numuvuduko mwinshi ushobora gukora. Reba sisitemu ya voltage ihindagurika hamwe nuburyo burenze urugero.
(3) Ibikoresho byuyobora:
Umuringa: Umuyoboro mwinshi (~ 58 MS / m), imbaraga zikomeye zo gutwara, imbaraga zumukanishi, kurwanya ruswa nziza, byoroshye gufata ingingo, igiciro kinini. Byakunze gukoreshwa.
Aluminium: Umuyoboro muke (~ 35 MS / m), bisaba kwambukiranya igice kugirango ugere ku bushobozi bumwe, uburemere bworoshye, igiciro gito, ariko imbaraga za mashini nkeya, zikunda okiside, bisaba ibikoresho byihariye hamwe na antioxydeant ihuza ingingo. Akenshi ikoreshwa kumurongo munini uciye hejuru cyangwa imirongo yihariye.
2. Gushyira Ibidukikije & Ibisabwa
(1) Uburyo bwo Kwishyiriraho:
Mu kirere: Imiyoboro ya kabili, ingazi, imiyoboro, imiyoboro, hejuru yubatswe ku nkuta, n'ibindi.
Munsi y'ubutaka: Bishyinguwe neza cyangwa byacukuwe. Reba ubutaka burwanya ubushyuhe, ubujyakuzimu, hafi yandi masoko yubushyuhe (urugero, imiyoboro ya parike). Ubushuhe bwubutaka hamwe no kwangirika bigira ingaruka kumahitamo.
Amazi yo mu mazi: Irasaba inyubako zidasanzwe zidafite amazi (urugero, icyuma cyitwa gurş, icyuma gifunga amazi) hamwe no kurinda imashini.
Kwishyiriraho bidasanzwe: Gukora neza (tekereza-uburemere), imiyoboro ya kabili / tunel, nibindi.
(2) Ubushyuhe bwibidukikije:
Ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye. Imbonerahamwe isanzwe ya ampacity ishingiye ku bushyuhe bwerekana (urugero, 30 ° C mu kirere, 20 ° C mu butaka). Niba ubushyuhe nyabwo burenze ibyerekanwe, ampacity igomba gukosorwa (derated). Witondere bidasanzwe mubushyuhe bwo hejuru (urugero, ibyumba byo gutekamo, ikirere gishyuha).
(3) Kuba hafi yizindi nsinga:
Kwishyiriraho insinga nyinshi bitera ubushyuhe hamwe no kuzamuka kwubushyuhe. Intsinga nyinshi zashizwe hamwe (cyane cyane zidafite umwanya cyangwa umuyoboro umwe) zigomba guteshwa agaciro ukurikije umubare, gahunda (gukoraho / kudakoraho).
(4) Imyitozo ya mashini:
Umutwaro wa Tensile: Kubireba bihagaritse cyangwa intera ndende ikurura, tekereza umugozi wikoreye uburemere no gukurura impagarara; hitamo insinga zifite imbaraga zihagije (urugero, ibyuma byuma byuma).
Umuvuduko / Ingaruka: Intsinga zashyinguwe zigomba kwihanganira imitwaro yimodoka hamwe ningaruka zo gucukura; insinga zashizwe kumurongo zishobora guhagarikwa. Intwaro (kaseti, ibyuma) itanga uburinzi bukomeye.
Bending Radius: Mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho no guhindukira, radiyo yunama ya radiyo ntigomba kuba ntoya kurenza byibuze byemewe, kugirango wirinde kwangiza insulasi.
(5) Ibidukikije:
Kwangirika kwimiti: Ibimera byimiti, ibihingwa byamazi yanduye, ahantu h'igihu cyumunyu winyanja bisaba ibyatsi birwanya ruswa (urugero, PVC, LSZH, PE) na / cyangwa ibice byo hanze. Intwaro itari ibyuma (urugero, fibre y'ibirahure) irashobora gukenerwa.
Kwanduza amavuta: ububiko bwamavuta, amahugurwa yo gukora bisaba ibyatsi birwanya amavuta (urugero, PVC idasanzwe, CPE, CSP).
UV Kumurika: Intsinga zagaragaye hanze zisaba ibyuma birwanya UV (urugero, umukara PE, PVC idasanzwe).
Imbeba / Termite: Uturere tumwe na tumwe dukenera insinga zumuti / udukingirizo (sheaths hamwe na repellent, jacketi zikomeye, intwaro zicyuma).
Ubushuhe / Kwibiza: Ibidukikije bitose cyangwa byuzuyemo amazi bisaba ubuhehere bwiza / bubuza amazi (urugero, guhagarika amazi ya radiyo, icyuma).
Ikirere giturika: Igomba kuba cyujuje ibyangiritse bishobora guterwa no guturika (urugero, flame-retardant, LSZH, insinga zidafite insina).
3. Imiterere ya Cable & Guhitamo Ibikoresho
(1) Ibikoresho byo Kwikingira:
Polyethylene ihuza (XLPE). Byakoreshejwe cyane kubikoresho bigezweho / bito bito byamashanyarazi. Guhitamo bwa mbere.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Igiciro gito, inzira ikuze, kutagira umuriro mwiza, ubushyuhe buke bwo gukora (70 ° C), gucika intege kubushyuhe buke, kurekura imyuka ya halogene hamwe numwotsi mwinshi mugihe utwitse. Biracyakoreshwa cyane ariko bigenda bigabanywa.
Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR): Guhindura neza, ikirere, ozone, kurwanya imiti, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (90 ° C), bikoreshwa mubikoresho bigendanwa, marine, insinga zamabuye y'agaciro. Igiciro kinini.
Abandi: Rubber ya silicone (> 180 ° C), imyunyu ngugu (MI - umuyoboro wumuringa hamwe na magnesium oxyde, gukora neza cyane umuriro) kubisabwa bidasanzwe.
(2) Ibikoresho by'urupapuro:
PVC: Kurinda imashini nziza, flame-retardant, igiciro gito, ikoreshwa cyane. Harimo halogene, umwotsi wuburozi iyo utwitse.
PE: Ubushuhe buhebuje hamwe n’imiti irwanya imiti, isanzwe ishyinguwe mu buryo butaziguye. Umuriro mubi.
Umwotsi muke Zero Halogen (LSZH / LS0H / LSF): Umwotsi muke, udafite uburozi (nta gaze ya aside ya halogene), urumuri rwinshi mugihe cyo gutwika. Biteganijwe ahantu rusange (metero, amaduka, ibitaro, inyubako ndende).
Flame-retardant Polyolefin: Yujuje ibyangombwa bya flame-retardant ibisabwa.
Guhitamo bigomba gutekereza kubidukikije (amavuta, ikirere, UV) nibikenewe byo gukingira.
(3) Ingabo Zikingira:
Shield ya Shield: Irasabwa kumashanyarazi yo hagati / hejuru ya voltage (> 3.6 / 6kV), iringaniza amashanyarazi yumuriro wumuriro.
Shitingi ya Shitingi: Irasabwa insinga ziciriritse / ndende za voltage, ikorana ningabo ya kiyobora kugirango igenzurwe neza.
Shield Metallic Shield / Intwaro: Itanga EMC (anti-intervention / igabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere) hamwe na / cyangwa inzira ngufi (igomba kuba hasi) no kurinda imashini. Imiterere isanzwe: kaseti y'umuringa, umuringa wumuringa (gukingira + inzira ngufi-yumuzunguruko), ibyuma bya kaseti (kurinda imashini), ibyuma byuma byuma (kurinda tensile + gukingira imashini), icyuma cya aluminiyumu (gukingira + gukingira amazi ya radiyo + kurinda imashini).
(4) Ubwoko bw'intwaro:
Icyuma Cyuma Cyuma (SWA): Kurinda gukomeretsa no kurinda umutekano muri rusange, kubikenewe gushyingurwa cyangwa gukingirwa.
Galvanized Wire Armored (GWA): Imbaraga zingana cyane, kubikorwa bihagaritse, umwanya munini, gushyiramo amazi.
Intwaro idafite ibyuma: Ikirahure fibre kaseti, itanga imbaraga za mashini mugihe itari magnetique, yoroheje, irwanya ruswa, kubisabwa bidasanzwe.
4. Umutekano & Ibisabwa
(1) Kubura umuriro:
Hitamo insinga zujuje ubuziranenge bwa flame-retardant (urugero, IEC 60332-1 / 3 kubirindiro bya flame imwe / bunched, BS 6387 CWZ yo kurwanya umuriro, GB / T 19666) ukurikije ibyago byumuriro nibikenewe. Ahantu rusange no guhunga-bigoye bigomba gukoresha insinga za LSZH flame-retardant.
(2) Kurwanya umuriro:
Kumuzunguruko ukomeye ugomba kuguma ufite ingufu mugihe cyumuriro (pompe yumuriro, umuyaga wumwotsi, itara ryihutirwa, gutabaza), koresha insinga zidashobora kuzimya umuriro (urugero, insinga za MI, ibyuma byifashishwa bya mikorobe byapanze) byageragejwe kubipimo (urugero, BS 6387, IEC 60331, GB / T 19216).
(3) Halogen-Yubusa & Umwotsi muke:
Ni itegeko mubice bifite umutekano muke hamwe nibikoresho byo kurinda ibikoresho (ihuriro ryubwikorezi, ibigo byamakuru, ibitaro, inyubako nini rusange).
(4) Kubahiriza Ibipimo & Icyemezo:
Intsinga zigomba kubahiriza ibipimo byemewe nimpamyabumenyi aho umushinga uri (urugero, CCC mubushinwa, CE muburayi, BS mubwongereza, UL muri Amerika).
5. Ubukungu & Ubuzima Buzenguruka
Igiciro cyambere cyishoramari: Umugozi nibikoresho (guhuza, guhagarika) igiciro.
Igiciro cyo Kwishyiriraho: Biratandukanye nubunini bwa kabili, uburemere, guhinduka, no koroshya kwishyiriraho.
Igiciro cyo Gutakaza Igiciro: Kurwanya abayobora bitera igihombo cya I²R. Abayobora binini batwara byinshi muburyo bwambere ariko bigabanya igihombo kirekire.
Igiciro cyo Kubungabunga: Intsinga zizewe, ziramba zifite amafaranga make yo kubungabunga.
Ubuzima bwa Serivisi: Intsinga nziza-nziza mubidukikije irashobora kumara imyaka 30+. Suzuma byimazeyo kugirango wirinde guhitamo insinga nkeya cyangwa zidafite ubuziranenge bushingiye gusa kubiciro byambere.
6. Ibindi Bitekerezo
Icyiciro gikurikiranye & Marking: Kubintu byinshi-insinga cyangwa ibice byatandukanijwe, menya neza icyiciro gikurikiranye hamwe na code yamabara (kurwego rwibanze).
Ubutaka & Equipotential Bonding: Inkinzo zintwaro nintwaro bigomba kuba byizewe neza (mubisanzwe kumpera zombi) kubwumutekano no gukingira imikorere.
Ikigega cyo Kuzigama: Reba uburyo bushoboka bwo gukura kwizamuka cyangwa guhindura inzira, kongera ibice cyangwa kubika ibikoresho byabigenewe niba bikenewe.
Guhuza: Ibikoresho byinsinga (lugs, ingingo, guhagarika) bigomba guhuza ubwoko bwumugozi, voltage, nubunini bwuyobora.
Impamyabushobozi Yabatanga & Ubwiza: Hitamo inganda zizwi zifite ubuziranenge buhamye.
Kubikorwa byiza no kwizerwa, guhitamo umugozi wiburyo bijyana no guhitamo ibikoresho byiza. KUMUNTU WISI, dutanga urwego rwuzuye rwibikoresho byinsinga hamwe ninsinga - harimo ibikoresho byo kubika insuline, ibikoresho byo gukata, kaseti, kuzuza, hamwe nudodo - bigenewe kubahiriza ibipimo ngenderwaho bitandukanye, dushyigikira igishushanyo mbonera cyiza kandi cyiza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-15-2025