Mu buryo bwa none bw'amashanyarazi, insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi zigira uruhare runini. Kuva ku miyoboro y'amashanyarazi yo munsi y'ubutaka mu mijyi kugeza ku miyoboro miremire itwara amashanyarazi mu misozi n'imigezi, insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi zituma ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikwirakwizwa neza, mu buryo buhamye kandi bwizewe. Iyi nkuru izasuzuma mu buryo bwimbitse ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye rijyanye n'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi, harimo imiterere yazo, ibyiciro byazo, uburyo zikorwamo, imiterere y'imikorere yazo, gushyiraho no kubungabunga.
1. Imiterere y'ibanze y'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi zigizwe ahanini n'ibyuma biyobora amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo gukingira, ibikoresho byo kurinda n'ibikoresho byo kurinda.
Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ni wo utuma umuriro ukwirakwira kandi ubusanzwe ukorwa mu muringa cyangwa aluminiyumu. Umuringa ufite ubushobozi bwo gutwara no kugabanya umuriro, mu gihe aluminiyumu ifite igiciro gito kandi ifite uburemere bworoshye. Muri rusange izi nsinga ziba zifite imigozi myinshi izunguruka kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi bwo koroha.
Urusobe rw'amashanyarazi ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'insinga ifite ingufu nyinshi, bigira uruhare mu gukumira amazi ava mu kirere no gutandukanya icyuma gitwara amazi n'isi yo hanze. Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu gukingira umuriro birimo polyethylene ifatanye (XLPE), impapuro z'amavuta, nibindi. XLPE ifite ubushobozi bwiza bw'amashanyarazi, irwanya ubushyuhe n'imbaraga za mekanike, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu nsinga zigezweho zifite ingufu nyinshi.
Urukuta rw'imbere rugabanyijemo ibirinda imbere n'ibirinda inyuma. Urukuta rw'imbere rukoreshwa mu gukora amashanyarazi amwe no gukumira ko amazi yo mu gace kayo yangiza urukuta rw'amashanyarazi; urukuta rw'inyuma rushobora kugabanya ingaruka z'amashanyarazi yo hanze ku mugozi, ndetse no gukumira insinga kugira ingaruka ku isi yo hanze.
Uru ruhago rurinda cyane cyane insinga kwangirika bitewe n’ibintu byo hanze nko kwangirika kwa mashini, kwangirika kwa shimi no kwinjira mu mazi. Ubusanzwe rugizwe n’icyuma gikingira n’icyuma cyo hanze. Icyuma gikingira gishobora gutanga imbaraga za mashini, kandi icyumba cyo hanze gifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda no kwangirika.
2. Gushyira mu byiciro insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Dukurikije urwego rw'amashanyarazi, insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi zishobora kugabanywamo insinga zifite amashanyarazi aciriritse (muri rusange 3-35kV), insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi (35-110kV), insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi (110-500kV) n'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi (hejuru ya 500kV). Insinga zifite urwego rutandukanye rw'amashanyarazi ziratandukanye mu miterere y'inyubako, ibisabwa mu gushyushya insinga, nibindi.
Ukurikije ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe, uretse insinga za XLPE n'insinga z'amavuta zavuzwe haruguru, hari n'insinga za ethylene-propylene rubber. Insinga z'amavuta zimaze igihe kirekire, ariko bitewe n'ibiciro byazo byo kubungabunga n'izindi mpamvu, zagiye zisimbuzwa buhoro buhoro n'insinga za XLPE. Insinga za ethylene propylene rubber zifite ubushobozi bwo koroha no kwihanganira ikirere, kandi zikwiriye ibirori bimwe na bimwe byihariye.
3. Uburyo bwo gukora insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Gukora insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi ni igikorwa kigoye kandi cyoroheje.
Gukora imashini ziyobora amashanyarazi bisaba ko ibikoresho fatizo bya umuringa cyangwa aluminiyumu bibanza kuramburwa, guhindurwa no gukorwa mu bundi buryo kugira ngo hamenyekane neza imiterere y’imashini ziyobora amashanyarazi n’imiterere ya mashini. Mu gihe cyo gukurura amashanyarazi, imashini ziyobora amashanyarazi zigomba kuba ziteguye neza kugira ngo zinoze imikorere y’imashini ziyobora amashanyarazi.
Gusohora urwego rw'ubushyuhe ni imwe mu ntambwe z'ingenzi. Ku rwego rw'ubushyuhe bwa XLPE, ibikoresho bya XLPE bisohoka ku bushyuhe bwinshi kandi bigapfunyikwa ku muyoboro w'amazi. Mu gihe cyo gusohora, ibipimo nk'ubushyuhe, umuvuduko n'umuvuduko wo gusohora bigomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo harebwe ubwiza n'ubugari bw'urwego rw'ubushyuhe.
Ubusanzwe urwego rwo kurinda rukorwa hakoreshejwe insinga z'icyuma cyangwa gupfunyika kaseti y'icyuma. Uburyo bwo gukora ubwikingo bw'imbere n'inyuma buratandukanye gato, ariko byombi bigomba kwemeza ko urwego rwo kurinda rukora neza kandi amashanyarazi akaba meza.
Amaherezo, gukora urwego rwo kurinda rurimo gushyiramo intwaro y'icyuma no gusohora igice cyo hanze cy'icyuma. Intwaro y'icyuma igomba gufata neza ku nsinga, kandi gusohora igice cyo hanze by'icyuma bigomba gutuma igaragara neza nta nenge nk'uduheri n'imivuniko.
4. Imiterere y'imikorere y'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Ku bijyanye n'imikorere y'amashanyarazi, insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi zigomba kugira ingufu nyinshi zirinda ubushyuhe, igihombo gito cya dielectric n'imbaraga nziza zirinda ubushyuhe. Ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kwirinda ubushyuhe bushobora gukumira amazi ava mu kirere, igihombo gito cya dielectric kigabanya igihombo cy'ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu gihe cyo kohereza, kandi imbaraga nziza zirinda ubushyuhe zituma insinga zishobora gukora neza mu buryo butekanye mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi.
Ku bijyanye n'imiterere ya mekanike, insinga igomba kuba ifite imbaraga zihagije zo gukurura, umurambararo wo kugonda no kudakora neza. Mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho no kuyikoresha, insinga ishobora gukururwa, gukonja no gukonja ku ngufu zo hanze. Iyo imiterere ya mekanike idahagije, biroroshye kwangiza insinga.
Imikorere y'ubushyuhe nayo ni ingenzi. Insinga izatanga ubushyuhe mu gihe ikora, cyane cyane iyo ikora ku mutwaro mwinshi. Kubwibyo, insinga igomba kugira ubushyuhe buhagije kandi ikabasha gukora neza mu bushyuhe runaka nta ngorane nko gusaza kw'ubushyuhe. Insinga ya XLPE ifite ubushyuhe buhagije kandi ishobora gukora igihe kirekire mu bushyuhe bwinshi.
5. Gushyiraho no kubungabunga insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Mu bijyanye no gushyiraho insinga, ikintu cya mbere ugomba gukora ni ugutegura inzira kugira ngo urebe neza ko inzira yo gushyira insinga ari nziza kandi ifite umutekano. Mu gihe cyo gushyiraho insinga, ugomba kwitonda kugira ngo wirinde kunanuka cyane, kunama no gusohora insinga. Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho insinga kure, ibikoresho nk'imashini zitwara insinga akenshi bikoreshwa mu kubaka.
Gukora imiyoboro y'insinga ni ingenzi mu gushyiraho. Ubwiza bw'imiyoboro bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buryo insinga zikora neza. Mu gukora imiyoboro, insinga igomba gukurwaho, gusukurwa, guhuzwa no gushyushya. Intambwe yose igomba gukorwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo imiterere y'amashanyarazi n'iy'imashini y'imiyoboro yuzuze ibisabwa.
Imirimo yo kubungabunga ni ingenzi kugira ngo insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi zikore neza igihe kirekire. Gusuzuma buri gihe bishobora guhita bimenya niba insinga zangiritse cyangwa ko icyuma cyangiritse. Muri icyo gihe, hari ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byo gupima bishobora no gukoreshwa mu gupima imikorere y’ubushyuhe n’isohoka ry’insinga. Iyo hagaragaye ibibazo, bigomba gusanwa cyangwa gusimbuzwa igihe.
6. Kunanirwa no kumenya insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Gucika intege kw'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi bikunze kubaho harimo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe, gucika kw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, no kwangirika kw'ingingo. Gucika kw'ubushyuhe bishobora guterwa no gusaza kw'ubushyuhe, gusohora igice cy'amazi, cyangwa gucika k'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi hanze. Gucika kw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi akenshi biterwa n'imbaraga zo hanze cyangwa gutwarwa n'umutwaro igihe kirekire. Gucika kw'ingingo bishobora guterwa n'uburyo bubi bwo gukora ingingo cyangwa gushyuha cyane mu gihe cy'imikorere.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane ayo makosa, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyamenya. Gutahura igice cy’umuyoboro ni uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa. Mu kumenya ikimenyetso cyaturutse ku gice cy’umuyoboro, bishobora kumenyekana niba hari inenge mu byuma bikingira umuriro. Ikizamini cya voltage yo kwihanganira umuriro gishobora kumenya ubushobozi bwa voltage yo kwihanganira umuriro no kubona ibibazo bishobora guteza umuriro. Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga ryo gufata amashusho y’ubushyuhe bwa infrared rishobora kumenya ikwirakwizwa ry’ubushyuhe ku buso bw’umuyoboro, kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umuyoboro ufite ibibazo nko gushyuha cyane mu gace runaka.
7. Imiterere y'ikoreshwa n'iterambere ry'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi
Mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi, insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi zikoreshwa cyane mu guhindura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi mu mijyi, imiyoboro isohoka ya sitasiyo nini z'amashanyarazi, imiyoboro isohoka ya za sitasiyo nini z'amashanyarazi, imiyoboro isohoka ya za sitasiyo zo munsi y'amazi n'ahandi. Mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi yo mu mijyi, bitewe n'umwanya muto, ikoreshwa ry'insinga zo munsi y'ubutaka rishobora kuzigama umwanya no kunoza ubwiza bw'umujyi. Imiyoboro isohoka ya sitasiyo nini z'amashanyarazi isaba ikoreshwa ry'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi kugira ngo zohereze amashanyarazi kuri sitasiyo za kure. Imiyoboro isohoka ya za sitasiyo zo munsi y'amazi ishobora gutuma amashanyarazi akwirakwira mu nyanja kandi igatanga amashanyarazi ahamye ku birwa n'uturere two ku nkombe.
Bitewe n’iterambere rihoraho ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu, insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi nazo zagaragaje intambwe zimwe na zimwe mu iterambere. Kimwe ni ubushakashatsi n’iterambere n’ikoreshwa ry’insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi. Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’abakeneye kohereza ingufu mu ntera ndende, iterambere ry’insinga zifite ingufu nyinshi cyane rizaba ingenzi. Icya kabiri ni ubwenge bw’insinga. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa sensor n’ibindi bikoresho muri insinga, kugenzura mu buryo nyabwo imikorere y’insinga no gutanga amakuru ku makosa bishobora kugerwaho, bityo kunoza imikorere y’insinga. Icya gatatu ni iterambere ry’insinga zitangiza ibidukikije. Uko abantu bakenera kurengera ibidukikije biyongera, ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ibikoresho by’insinga bidahumanya cyane kandi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa bizaba icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’ejo hazaza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 24 Nzeri 2024