Uburinzi bukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'insinga n'insinga bufite ibitekerezo bibiri bitandukanye rwose: uburinzi bwa elegitoroniki n'uburinzi bw'amashanyarazi. Uburinzi bwa elegitoroniki bugamije gukumira insinga zohereza ibimenyetso bikoresha frequency yo hejuru (nk'insinga za RF n'insinga z'ikoranabuhanga) kugira ngo zidatera imvururu zo hanze cyangwa ngo zibuze imiraba ya elegitoroniki yo hanze kubangamira insinga zohereza amashanyarazi adakomeye (nk'insinga z'ibimenyetso cyangwa ibipimo), ndetse no kugabanya imikoranire hagati y'insinga. Uburinzi bwa elegitoroniki bugamije kuringaniza ingufu zikomeye z'amashanyarazi ku buso bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi cyangwa ubuso bushyushya insinga z'amashanyarazi zifite voltage iciriritse n'inini.
1. Imiterere n'ibisabwa ku nyubako z'amashanyarazi zikingira ikirere
Uburinzi bw'insinga z'amashanyarazi burimo uburinzi bw'icyuma, uburinzi bw'icyuma, n'uburinzi bw'icyuma. Dukurikije amahame ngenderwaho, insinga zifite voltage irenga 0.6/1kV zigomba kugira urwego rw'icyuma rukingira, rushobora gushyirwa kuri buri shingiro rikingira cyangwa ku shingiro ry'insinga nyinshi. Ku nsinga za XLPE zifite voltage ingana na 3.6/6kV na EPR zifite voltage ingana na 3.6/6kV (cyangwa insinga nini zifite voltage ingana na 6/10kV), inyubako zo kurinda imbere n'inyuma nazo zirakenewe.
(1) Gukingira no Gukingira Ubwishingizi bw'Umuyoboro w'Ingufu
Ubwikingo bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (ubwikingo bw'imbere bukoresha amashanyarazi) bugomba kuba budakoresha icyuma, bugizwe n'ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa kaseti ikoresha amashanyarazi izungurutse umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ikurikirwa n'urwego rukoresha amashanyarazi rudakoresha amashanyarazi.
Uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe (uburinzi bw'inyuma bukoresha amashanyarazi make) ni urwego rudakoresha icyuma rusohoka ku buso bw'inyuma bwa buri gice cy'imbere gishyushye, gishobora gufatwa neza cyangwa gukurwaho n'uburinzi. Uduce tw'imbere n'inyuma dusohoka tugomba gufatanywa neza n'uburinzi, dufite aho duhurira neza, nta bimenyetso bigaragara ku migozi, nta nkombe zityaye, uduce duto, ibimenyetso byo gutwika, cyangwa imivundo. Ubushobozi bwo kwirinda mbere na nyuma yo gusaza ntibugomba kurenza 1000 Ω·m ku urwego rwo kurinda amashanyarazi na 500 Ω·m ku urwego rwo kurinda amashanyarazi.
Ibikoresho byo kurinda imbere n'inyuma bikozwe mu kuvanga ibikoresho bijyana nabyo byo gukingira (nk'imyenda ya polyethylene, ethylene-propylene rubber, nibindi) n'umukara wa karuboni, antioxydants, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, n'ibindi bivange. Uduce tw'umukara wa karuboni tugomba gukwirakwizwa mu buryo bumwe muri polymer, nta guterana cyangwa gukwirakwira nabi.
Ubunini bw'ibice by'imbere n'inyuma by'uburinzi butuma amashanyarazi akwirakwira buriyongera uko ingufu z'amashanyarazi zigenda ziyongera. Kubera ko imbaraga z'amashanyarazi ku gipimo cy'uburinzi ari nyinshi imbere no hasi inyuma, ubunini bw'ibice by'uburinzi butuma amashanyarazi akwirakwira bugomba kuba bwinshi imbere kuruta inyuma. Kera, uburinzi bw'inyuma bw'uburinzi butuma amashanyarazi akwirakwira bwakozwe bunini gato kuruta ubw'imbere kugira ngo hirindwe gushwanyagurika bitewe no kugabanuka nabi kw'amazi cyangwa gupfumuka guterwa na kaseti zikomeye cyane z'umuringa. Ubu, hamwe no kugenzura kugabanuka kw'amazi mu buryo bwikora kuri interineti na kaseti zoroshye z'umuringa, uburinzi bw'inyuma bw'uburinzi butuma amashanyarazi akwirakwira bugomba gukorwa bunini gato cyangwa bungana n'ubw'inyuma. Ku nsinga za 6–10–35 kV, ubunini bw'inyuma muri rusange ni 0.5–0.6–0.8 mm.
(2) Uburinzi bw'icyuma
Insinga zifite voltage irenga 0.6/1kV zigomba kugira urwego rwo kurinda icyuma. Urwego rwo kurinda icyuma rugomba gushyirwa kuri buri gice cy’imbere cyangwa igice cy’imbere cy’insinga. Urwego rwo kurinda icyuma rugomba kuba rugizwe na kaseti imwe cyangwa nyinshi z’icyuma, imigozi y’icyuma, urwego rw’insinga z’icyuma, cyangwa uruvange rw’insinga z’icyuma na kaseti z’icyuma.
Mu Burayi no mu bindi bihugu byateye imbere, bitewe n'ikoreshwa rya sisitemu ebyiri zikoreshwa mu gukingira zikoresheje imiyoboro miremire y'amashanyarazi, insinga z'umuringa zikunze gukoreshwa. Bamwe mu bakora insinga z'umuringa bashyira insinga z'umuringa mu gipangu cyo gutandukanya cyangwa mu gipangu cyo hanze kugira ngo bagabanye umurambararo w'insinga. Mu Bushinwa, uretse imishinga imwe n'imwe ikoresha sisitemu ebyiri zikoreshwa mu gukingira zikoresheje imiyoboro ibiri, sisitemu nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi ya arc-suppression coil-grounded single-circuit, ibyo bigatuma umuyoboro muto udashobora gukoreshwa, bityo gukingira umuringa bishobora gukoreshwa. Inganda zitunganya tapi zikomeye z'umuringa zaguzwe zicagagura kandi zigatera kugira ngo zigere ku burebure runaka n'imbaraga zo gukurura (zikomeye cyane zizasya urwego rwo gukingira insulation, zizacikagurika cyane) mbere yo kuzikoresha. Tapi z'umuringa zoroshye zigomba kubahiriza GB/T11091-2005 Copper Tape ku nsinga.
Ubwikingo bw'icyuma gikingira umuringa bugomba kuba bugizwe n'urwego rumwe rwa kaseti y'umuringa yoroshye ifatanye cyangwa urwego rubiri rwa kaseti y'umuringa yoroshye ipfunyitse ifite icyuho. Igipimo mpuzandengo cy'ubugari bwa kaseti y'umuringa kigomba kuba 15% by'ubugari bwayo (agaciro gasanzwe), kandi igipimo ntarengwa cyo guhurirana ntikigomba kuba munsi ya 5%. Ubunini bw'icyuma gikingira umuringa bugomba kuba nibura 0.12 mm ku nsinga z'inkingi imwe na nibura 0.10 mm ku nsinga z'inkingi nyinshi. Ubunini ntarengwa bwa kaseti y'umuringa ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 90% by'agaciro gasanzwe. Bitewe n'umurambararo w'inyuma w'icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi (≤25 mm cyangwa >25 mm), ubugari bwa kaseti y'umuringa busanzwe ni 30–35 mm.
Ubwirinzi bw'insinga z'umuringa bukozwe mu nsinga z'umuringa zoroshye zipfundikiye, zifatanye n'umupfundikizo w'insinga z'umuringa cyangwa kaseti z'umuringa. Ubudahangarwa bwazo bugomba kuba bwujuje ibisabwa na GB/T3956-2008 Conductors of Cables, kandi ubuso bwazo bugomba kugenwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bw'umuriro w'ikosa. Ubwirinzi bw'insinga z'umuringa bushobora gushyirwa ku gipfundikizo cy'imbere cy'insinga z'impande eshatu cyangwa hejuru y'ubushyuhe, urwego rwo hanze rwo gukingira rushobora gutwara, cyangwa urwego rwo imbere rukwiye rw'insinga z'impande imwe. Impuzandengo y'impuzandengo hagati y'insinga z'umuringa zegeranye ntigomba kurenza mm 4. Impuzandengo y'impuzandengo G ibarwa hakoreshejwe formula:
aho:
D - umurambararo w'insinga munsi y'icyuma gikingira insinga z'umuringa, muri mm;
d – umurambararo w'insinga y'umuringa, muri mm;
n – umubare w'insinga z'umuringa.
2. Uruhare rw'Ibice byo Kurinda n'Isano Bifitanye n'Urwego rw'Umuvuduko w'Ingufu
(1) Uruhare rw'Uburinzi bw'imbere n'inyuma bw'igice cy'umuyoboro
Muri rusange, insinga zifatana n'insinga nyinshi zifunze. Mu gihe cyo gusohora insinga, hashobora kubaho icyuho, uduce duto, n'ibindi bintu bidafite aho bihuriye n'ubuso bw'insinga n'urwego rw'insinga, bigatera amashanyarazi menshi, bigatuma umwuka usohoka mu gace runaka no gusohora amazi mu giti, kandi bigagabanya imikorere ya dielectric. Mu gusohora urwego rw'ibikoresho bitwara amazi (conductor shielding) hejuru y'urwego rw'insinga, bituma habaho imikoranire ikomeye n'insinga. Kubera ko urwego rw'insinga n'urufunguzo bifite ubushobozi bumwe, nubwo hari icyuho hagati yabyo, nta gikorwa cy'amashanyarazi kizabaho, bityo bikarinda ko amazi asohoka igice.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, hari icyuho kiri hagati y'ubuso bw'inyuma bw'icyuma gikingira umuriro n'icyuma gikingira umuriro (cyangwa icyuma gikingira umuriro), kandi uko urwego rw'amashanyarazi rurushaho kuba rwinshi, niko habaho icyuho cy'umwuka gisohoka. Mu gusohora urwego rukora amashanyarazi (icyuma gikingira umuriro) ku buso bw'inyuma bw'icyuma gikingira umuriro, hakorwa ubuso bw'inyuma bw'icyuma gikingira umuriro, bigakuraho amashanyarazi mu cyuho kandi bikarinda ko igice cy'amazi kivamo.
(2) Uruhare rw'Uburinzi bw'Ibyuma
Imirimo yo kurinda icyuma irimo: gutwara umuriro ukoresha ingufu mu bihe bisanzwe, gukora nk'inzira y'umuriro ukoresha ingufu ngufi mu gihe cy'ikosa; gufunga amashanyarazi mu gice cy'amashanyarazi (kugabanya ingaruka z'amashanyarazi yo hanze) no kwemeza ko amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu zingana; gukora nk'umurongo utagira aho ubogamiye muri sisitemu eshatu z'insinga enye kugira ngo zitware umuriro udahuje; no gutanga uburinzi bwo gukumira amazi hakoreshejwe ingufu ngufi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 28 Nyakanga-2025