1. Intangiriro
Insinga z'itumanaho mu kohereza ibimenyetso bikoresha frequency nyinshi, ibyuma bitanga ingaruka ku ruhu, kandi uko frequency y'ibimenyetso bikoresha uruhu igenda yiyongera, ingaruka ku ruhu zirushaho kuba mbi. Ingaruka z'uruhu zitwa uruhu zivuga ko ibimenyetso bikoresha ikirere inyuma y'icyuma gitwara amashanyarazi imbere n'imbere mu cyuma gitwara amashanyarazi inyuma y'icyuma gitwara amashanyarazi iyo frequency y'ibimenyetso bikoresha amashanyarazi igera kuri kilohertz nyinshi cyangwa ibihumbi icumi bya hertz.
By’umwihariko, bitewe nuko ibiciro by’umuringa ku rwego mpuzamahanga bizamuka kandi umutungo w’umuringa urushaho kuba muke, bityo gukoresha insinga z’icyuma zipfutse umuringa cyangwa aluminium zipfutse umuringa kugira ngo zisimbuze ibyuma biyobora umuringa, byabaye igikorwa cy’ingenzi ku nganda zikora insinga n’insinga, ariko nanone no kubyamamaza hakoreshejwe isoko rinini.
Ariko insinga iri mu gipfundikizo cy'umuringa, bitewe no gutunganya mbere, gushyira nikeli mbere n'izindi nzira, ndetse n'ingaruka z'umuti wo gupfundikizo, byoroshye gutanga ibibazo n'inenge bikurikira: kwirabura kw'insinga, gushyira imbere gupfundikizo si byiza, urwego rw'ingenzi rwo gupfundikizo ruva ku ruhu, bigatuma insinga zisohoka, imyanda y'ibikoresho, bityo ikiguzi cyo gukora ibicuruzwa kikiyongera. Kubwibyo, ni ingenzi cyane kugenzura ubwiza bw'igipfundikizo. Iyi nyandiko iganira ahanini ku mahame ngenderwaho n'uburyo bwo gukora insinga z'icyuma zipfundikizo z'umuringa hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, ndetse n'impamvu zisanzwe zitera ibibazo by'ubuziranenge n'uburyo bwo kubikemura. 1 Uburyo bwo gupfundikizo bw'insinga z'icyuma zipfundikizo z'umuringa n'impamvu zabyo
1. 1 Gutunganya insinga mbere yo kuyitunganya
Ubwa mbere, insinga yinjizwa mu cyuma cya alkaline na pickling, hanyuma ingufu runaka zigashyirwa ku nsinga (anode) no ku isahani (cathode), anode igatuma umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni uboneka. Inshingano nyamukuru z'iyi myuka ni: imwe, uduce duto tw'ibihumyo ku buso bw'insinga y'icyuma kandi electrolyte yayo iri hafi ikagira ingaruka zo gukurura no gukuraho, bityo ikazamura amavuta kuva ku buso bw'insinga y'icyuma, yihutisha inzira ya saponification na emulsification y'amavuta na grease; iya kabiri, kubera uduce duto dufatanye n'aho icyuma n'umuti bihurira, uduce duto tw'ibihumyo tuzaba dufatanye n'insinga y'icyuma irimo amavuta menshi ku buso bw'umuti, bityo, ku buso bw'ibihumyo bizazana amavuta menshi afatanye n'insinga y'icyuma ku buso bw'umuti, bityo bigatera imbere gukuraho amavuta, kandi icyarimwe, ntabwo byoroshye gukora hydrogen embroidery ya anode, kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwiza bwo kuyishyiramo.
1. 2 Gushyiramo insinga
Ubwa mbere, insinga iratunganywa mbere kandi igashyirwamo nikeli mu kuyishyira mu gikoresho cyo kuyishyiramo hanyuma igashyiraho voltage runaka ku nsinga (cathode) no ku gikoresho cy'umuringa (anode). Kuri anode, icyuma cy'umuringa gitakaza electron maze kigakora iyoni z'umuringa zidafite aho zihuriye mu bwogero bwa electrolytic (plating):
Cu – 2e→Cu2+
Kuri cathode, insinga y'icyuma yongera gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa electrolytice, maze iyoni z'umuringa zigashyirwa kuri iyo nsinga kugira ngo zikore insinga y'icyuma ipfutse umuringa:
Cu2 + + 2e→ Cu
Cu2 + + e→ Cu +
Cu + + e→ Cu
2H + + 2e→ H2
Iyo ingano ya aside iri mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka idahagije, sulfate ya cuprous irashongeshwa byoroshye kugira ngo ikore oxide ya cuprous. Oxyde ya cuprous ifatirwa mu gice cyo gupfuka, bigatuma irekura. Cu2 SO4 + H2O [Cu2O + H2 SO4
I. Ibice by'ingenzi
Insinga z'amashanyarazi zo hanze muri rusange zigizwe n'imigozi yambaye ubusa, umuyoboro urekuye, ibikoresho bifunga amazi, ibintu bikomeza, n'icyuma cyo hanze. Ziza mu buryo butandukanye nko gushushanya umuyoboro wo hagati, gufunga imigozi, n'imiterere y'amagufwa.
Imigozi idafite ibara ry’umukara yerekeza ku migozi y’umwimerere ifite umurambararo wa mikorometero 250. Ubusanzwe irimo urwego rw’ibanze, urwego rwo gupfuka, n’urwego rwo gutwikira. Ubwoko butandukanye bw’imigozi idafite ibara bufite ingano zitandukanye z’urwego rw’ibanze. Urugero, imigozi ya OS2 yo mu buryo bumwe muri rusange ni mikorometero 9, mu gihe imigozi ya OM2/OM3/OM4/OM5 yo mu buryo bwinshi ari mikorometero 50, naho imigozi ya OM1 yo mu buryo bwinshi ikaba mikorometero 62.5. Imigozi idafite ibara ry’umukara akenshi irangi ritandukanye kugira ngo itandukane hagati y’imigozi ifite ibara ry’umukara ry’umukara.
Imiyoboro irekuye ikunze kuba ikozwe muri pulasitiki ikomeye cyane ya PBT kandi ikoreshwa mu gushyiramo imiyoboro yambaye ubusa. Itanga uburinzi kandi yuzuyemo gel ibuza amazi kwinjiramo kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi yinjira ashobora kwangiza imiyoboro. Gel kandi ikora nk'ikibuno cyo kwirinda kwangirika kwa fibre. Uburyo bwo gukora imiyoboro irekuye ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo fibre ibe ndende cyane.
Ibikoresho bifunga amazi birimo amavuta afunga amazi, ubudodo bufunga amazi, cyangwa ifu ifunga amazi. Kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gukumira amazi muri rusange, uburyo bukoreshwa cyane ni ugukoresha amavuta afunga amazi.
Ibintu bikomeza imbaraga biba mu bwoko bw'icyuma n'ibitari ibyuma. Iby'icyuma akenshi bikozwe mu nsinga z'icyuma zikozwe muri fosifate, kaseti za aluminiyumu, cyangwa kaseti z'icyuma. Ibintu bitari ibyuma ahanini bikozwe mu bikoresho bya FRP. Uko ibikoresho byakoreshejwe byaba biri kose, ibi bintu bigomba gutanga imbaraga zikenewe za mekanike kugira ngo bihuze n'ibisabwa bisanzwe, harimo kurwanya gucika intege, kunama, gukubita no kuzunguruka.
Udukingirizo two hanze tugomba kwita ku bidukikije bikoreshwa, harimo no kwirinda amazi, kurwanya imirasire ya UV, no kurwanya ikirere. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bya PE by'umukara bikunze gukoreshwa, kuko imiterere yabyo myiza y'umubiri n'imiti ituma bikwirakwira mu gushyira hanze.
2 Impamvu zitera ibibazo by'ubuziranenge mu gikorwa cyo gupfunyika umuringa n'ibisubizo byabyo
2. 1 Ingaruka zo gutunganya insinga mbere yo kuyitunganya Uburyo bwo kuyitunganya mbere yo kuyitunganya ni ingenzi cyane mu gukora insinga z'icyuma zipfutse umuringa binyuze mu kuyishyiraho electroplating. Niba firime y'amavuta na okiside ku buso bw'insinga idakuweho burundu, ubwo urwego rwa nikeli rutapfutse neza kandi ubufatanye bukaba bubi, ibyo bikazatuma urwego rw'ingenzi rwo kuyitunganya rugwa. Ni ngombwa rero kugenzura ingano y'amazi ya alkaline na pickling, pickling na alkaline ndetse no kureba niba pompe ari nziza, kandi niba atari nziza, bigomba gusanwa vuba. Ibibazo bisanzwe mu gutunganya insinga z'icyuma mbere yo kuyitunganya n'ibisubizo byazo bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe.
2. 2 Gukomera kw'umuti wa nikeli ushyirwamo nikeli bigena neza ubwiza bw'urwego rwagenewe gupfunyika, kandi bigira uruhare runini mu ntambwe ikurikira yo gupfunyika umuringa. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gusesengura no guhindura buri gihe ingano y'umuti wa nikeli ushyirwamo nikeli no kwemeza ko umuti wa nikeli ushyizwemo nikeli usanzwe usukuye kandi udafite umwanda.
2.3 Ingaruka z'umuti mukuru wo gupfuka ku gice cyo gupfuka Umuti wo gupfuka urimo sulfate y'umuringa na aside sulfurike nk'ibice bibiri, imiterere y'ikigereranyo igena neza ubwiza bw'igice cyo gupfuka. Iyo sulfate y'umuringa iri hejuru cyane, kristu za sulfate y'umuringa zizagabanuka; niba sulfate y'umuringa iri hasi cyane, insinga zizashya byoroshye kandi imikorere yo gupfuka izahinduka. Aside sulfurike ishobora kongera imikorere y'amashanyarazi n'imikorere y'umuti wo gupfuka, ikagabanya ingano ya iyoni z'umuringa mu gisubizo cya electroplating (ingaruka imwe ya iyoni), bityo ikanoza polarisation ya cathodic n'ikwirakwira ry'umuti wo gupfuka, ku buryo umupaka w'ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi wiyongera, kandi ikabuza hydrolysis ya sulfate ya cuprous mu gisubizo cya electroplating ikagera muri okiside ya cuprous no kugwa, byongera ubwiza bw'umuti wo gupfuka, ariko kandi ikagabanya polarisation ya anodic, ituma anode ishonga neza. Ariko, bikwiye kumenyekana ko ingano nini ya aside sulfurike izagabanya gushonga kwa sulfurike y'umuringa. Iyo ingano ya aside sulfurike mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka idahagije, sulfurike y'umuringa ihita ivamo oxide icupa hanyuma igafatwa mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka, ibara ry'igikoresho rihinduka umwijima kandi rigacika; iyo aside sulfurike nyinshi mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka kandi umunyu w'umuringa ukaba uhagije, hydrogen izasohoka igice muri cathode, ku buryo ubuso bw'igikoresho cyo gupfuka busa n'aho ari utudomo. Ingano ya fosifore mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka umuringa cya fosifore na yo igira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwiza bw'igikoresho cyo gupfuka, ingano ya fosifore igomba kugenzurwa hagati ya 0.04% na 0.07%, niba iri munsi ya 0.02%, biragoye gukora filime yo gukumira ikorwa rya iyoni z'umuringa, bityo ifu y'umuringa mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka umuringa yongera; Iyo fosifore irenze 0.1%, bizagira ingaruka ku gushonga kwa anode y'umuringa, bityo ingano ya iyoni z'umuringa zivanze mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka igabanuka, kandi bigatera ivumbi ryinshi rya anode. Byongeye kandi, isahani y'umuringa igomba kozwa buri gihe kugira ngo hirindwe ko ivumbi rya anode ryanduza igikoresho cyo gupfuka ivumbi no gutera ubukana n'udusimba mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka ivumbi.
3 Umwanzuro
Binyuze mu gutunganya ibintu byavuzwe haruguru, uburyo ibicuruzwa bifatanye n’uburyo bikomeza gukora ni bwiza, ubwiza buhamye kandi imikorere ni myiza cyane. Ariko, mu gikorwa nyirizina, hari ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’urwego rwo gupfunyika mu gikorwa cyo gupfunyika, iyo ikibazo kibonetse, kigomba gusesengurwa no kwigwa ku gihe kandi hagafatwa ingamba zikwiye zo kugikemura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-14-2022