Ibice by'imiterere y'insinga n'ibicuruzwa by'insinga muri rusange bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bine by'ingenzi:abayobora, ibice by'ubushyuhe, ubwirinzi n'uburyo bwo kurinda, hamwe n'ibice byuzuza n'ibintu byo gukurura. Dukurikije ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa n'uburyo bwo gukoresha, imiterere imwe n'imwe y'ibicuruzwa iroroshye cyane, ifite ibyuma biyiyobora gusa nk'igice cy'imiterere, nk'insinga zidafite hejuru, insinga z'umuyoboro w'itumanaho, ibyuma bikingira umuringa na aluminiyumu (busbars), nibindi. Ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi bwo hanze bw'ibi bicuruzwa bushingiye ku byuma bikingira umuyaga mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no mu gihe cy'intera (ni ukuvuga, ubwirinzi bw'umwuka) kugira ngo umutekano ube mwiza.
1. Abayobora
Imashini ziyobora amashanyarazi ni zo zikoreshwa cyane mu kohereza amakuru y’amashanyarazi cyangwa amakuru y’umuraba wa elegitoroniki mu gicuruzwa. Imashini ziyobora amashanyarazi, zikunze kwitwa insinga ziyobora amashanyarazi, zikozwe mu byuma bitagira feri bifite amashanyarazi menshi nka umuringa, aluminiyumu, nibindi. Insinga za fibre optique zikoreshwa mu miyoboro y’itumanaho rya optique igenda yihuta mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize zikoresha insinga ziyobora amashanyarazi nk’imashini ziyobora amashanyarazi.
2. Uduce tw'ubushyuhe
Ibi bice bitwikira ibyuma bitwara umuriro, bigatanga ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi. Bituma imiraba y'amashanyarazi cyangwa amashanyarazi/amatara yoherezwa inyura gusa ku muyobora ntabwo inyura hanze. Ibice bitwara umuriro bigumana ubushobozi (ni ukuvuga amashanyarazi) ku muyobora umuriro kugira ngo udakora ku bintu biwukikije kandi bitume habaho imikorere isanzwe y'umuyobora umuriro ndetse n'umutekano wo hanze y'ibintu n'abantu.
Imashini zitwara insinga n'ibikoresho byo gukingira insinga ni byo bintu bibiri by'ingenzi bikenewe ku bikoresho by'insinga (usibye insinga zidafite icyuho).
Mu bihe bitandukanye by’ibidukikije mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no gukoresha, ibikoresho by’insinga n’insinga bigomba kuba bifite ibice bitanga uburinzi, cyane cyane ku gice cy’ubushyuhe. Ibi bice bizwi nk’ibice birinda.
Kubera ko ibikoresho byo gukingira bigomba kuba bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukingira amashanyarazi, bisaba ubuziranenge bwinshi kandi nta mwanda mwinshi urimo. Ariko, ibi bikoresho akenshi ntibishobora kurinda icyarimwe ibintu byo hanze (urugero: imbaraga za mekanike mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no gukoresha, kurwanya ikirere, imiti, amavuta, impanuka za biyoloji, n'ibyago by'inkongi y'umuriro). Ibi bisabwa bigenzurwa n'imiterere itandukanye y'urwego rwo kurinda.
Ku nsinga zagenewe ibidukikije byo hanze (urugero, ahantu hasukuye, humutse, mu nzu hatarimo imbaraga zo hanze), cyangwa mu gihe ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe ubwabyo bigaragaza imbaraga zimwe na zimwe za mashini n'ubudahangarwa bw'ikirere, nta kintu na kimwe gishobora kuba gikenewe kugira ngo habeho urwego rwo kurinda nk'igice.
4. Gukingira
Ni igice kiri mu bikoresho by'insinga gitandukanya umurima wa electromagnetic uri mu mugozi n'imirima ya electromagnetic yo hanze. Ndetse no mu migwi itandukanye y'insinga cyangwa amatsinda mu bikoresho by'insinga, kwitandukanya kw'abantu ni ngombwa. Urusobe rw'uburinzi rushobora gusobanurwa nk'"ikimenyetso cyo kwitandukanya kw'amashanyarazi."
Mu myaka myinshi ishize, inganda zafashe urwego rwo kurinda nk'igice cy'imiterere y'urwego rwo kurinda. Ariko, byavuzwe ko rugomba gufatwa nk'igice cyihariye. Ibi biterwa nuko inshingano y'urwego rwo kurinda atari ugutandukanya gusa amakuru yoherezwa mu gicuruzwa cy'insinga, kuyarinda kuva cyangwa gutera ingaruka ku bikoresho byo hanze cyangwa indi mirongo, ahubwo no gukumira imiraba ya electromagnetic yo hanze kwinjira mu gicuruzwa cy'insinga binyuze mu guhuza electromagnetic. Ibi bisabwa bitandukanye n'imikorere gakondo y'urwego rwo kurinda. Byongeye kandi, urwego rwo kurinda ntirushyirwa hanze gusa mu gicuruzwa ahubwo runashyirwa hagati ya buri nsinga cyangwa ebyiri mu nsinga. Mu myaka icumi ishize, bitewe n'iterambere ryihuse rya sisitemu yo kohereza amakuru ikoresha insinga n'insinga, hamwe n'umubare wiyongera w'amasoko y'urujya n'uruza rw'insinga mu kirere, ubwoko bw'imiterere y'urujya n'uruza bwiyongera. Ubwumvikane bw'uko urwego rwo kurinda ari igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibicuruzwa by'insinga byamaze kwemerwa cyane.
Ibikoresho byinshi by'insinga n'insinga bifite insinga nyinshi, nk'insinga nyinshi z'amashanyarazi zifite voltage nkeya zirimo insinga enye cyangwa eshanu (zikwiriye sisitemu z'ibice bitatu), n'insinga za telefoni zo mu mujyi zigera kuri pairs 800 kugeza kuri pairs 3600. Nyuma yo guhuza izi nsinga zishyushya cyangwa insinga ebyiri mu nsinga (cyangwa kuzishyira mu matsinda inshuro nyinshi), imiterere idahuye n'icyuho kinini hagati y'insinga zishyushya cyangwa insinga ebyiri. Kubwibyo, imiterere y'ibyuzura igomba gushyirwamo mu gihe cyo guteranya insinga. Intego y'iyi nyubako ni ugukomeza umurambararo umwe w'inyuma mu kuzingira, byoroshya gupfunyika no gusohora icyuma. Byongeye kandi, bituma insinga ziguma neza kandi zigakomera, zigakwirakwiza imbaraga zingana mu gihe cyo kuzikoresha (kurambura, gukanda, no kunama mu gihe cyo gukora no gushyiramo) kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'imiterere y'imbere y'insinga.
Nubwo imiterere y'ubwuzure ari inyongera, ni ngombwa. Hariho amabwiriza arambuye yerekeye guhitamo ibikoresho n'imiterere y'iyi nyubako.
Ibikoresho gakondo by'insinga n'insinga bikunze kwishingikiriza ku gice cy'uburinzi cy'urwego rwo kurinda kugira ngo bihangane n'imbaraga zo gukurura inyuma cyangwa uburemere bwabyo bwite. Imiterere isanzwe irimo ibikoresho byo gukingira icyuma n'ibikoresho byo gukingira icyuma (nk'ikoreshwa ry'insinga z'icyuma zifite ubugari bwa mm 8, zizungurutse mu gice cy'uburinzi, ku nsinga zo munsi y'amazi). Ariko, mu nsinga za fibre optique, kugira ngo birinde fibre imbaraga nto zo gukurura, birinda impinduka nto zishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere yo kohereza, ibikoresho by'ibanze n'iby'inyongera hamwe n'ibice byihariye byo gukurura bishyirwa mu miterere y'insinga. Urugero, mu nsinga za terefone zigendanwa, insinga nziza z'umuringa cyangwa kaseti y'umuringa yoroshye ikikije fibre y'ubukorikori ivanwaho n'urwego rwo gukingira, aho fibre y'ubukorikori ikora nk'igice cyo gukurura. Muri rusange, mu myaka ya vuba aha, mu iterambere ry'ibikoresho bito kandi byoroshye bisaba guhindagurika no kuzunguruka kenshi, ibintu byo gukurura bigira uruhare runini.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 19-2023