Ibice by’imiterere y’insinga n’ibicuruzwa by’insinga bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bine by’ingenzi by’imiterere: ibyuma biyobora insinga, ibyuma bikingira insinga, ibyuma bikingira n’ibipfundikizo, hamwe n’ibikoresho byuzuza n’ibikurura insinga, nibindi. Dukurikije ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa ry’ibi bicuruzwa n’uburyo bikoreshwa, bimwe mu bicuruzwa bifite imiterere yoroshye cyane, bifite igice kimwe gusa cy’imiterere, insinga, nk’insinga zidafite hejuru y’inyuma, insinga za catenary, ibyuma bikingira insinga by’umuringa na aluminiyumu (busbars), nibindi. Ubushyuhe bw’amashanyarazi bw’ibi bicuruzwa bugenzurwa hakoreshejwe ibyuma bikingira insinga n’intera y’ahantu mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no gushyiramo insinga (ni ukuvuga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukingira insinga).
Ibikoresho byinshi by'insinga n'insinga bifite imiterere imwe (birengagiza amakosa yo mu nganda) kandi biri mu buryo bw'imirongo miremire. Ibi bigaragazwa n'imiterere y'uko bikoreshwa mu gukora imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro muri sisitemu cyangwa ibikoresho. Kubwibyo, mu gihe wiga kandi ugasesengura imiterere y'ibicuruzwa by'insinga, ni ngombwa gusa kwitegereza no gusesengura uhereye ku bice byabyo.
Ibi bikurikira ni isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’insinga n’ibikoresho byazo:
1. Imiterere y'insinga: Iyobora
Insinga ni ibice by'ingenzi kandi by'ingenzi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bikore akazi ko kohereza amakuru y'amashanyarazi cyangwa amashanyarazi. Insinga ni incamake y'inkingi y'amashanyarazi.
Ni ibihe bikoresho biri mu byuma biyobora insinga? Ibikoresho by'ibyuma biyobora insinga muri rusange bikozwe mu byuma bidakoresha feri bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi bwiza nka umuringa na aluminiyumu. Insinga zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya optique zagiye zitera imbere vuba mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize zikoresha insinga ziyobora insinga.
2. Imiterere y'insinga: Urusobe rw'ubushyuhe
Urusobe rw'amashanyarazi ni igice gitwikira impande z'insinga kandi kigakora nk'icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi. Ni ukuvuga ko gishobora kwemeza ko imiraba y'amashanyarazi cyangwa amashanyarazi, imiraba y'urumuri inyura ku nsinga gusa kandi ntitembe hanze. Ubushobozi ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi (ni ukuvuga itandukaniro rishoboka ku bintu bikikije, ni ukuvuga voltage) bushobora gutandukana. Ni ukuvuga ko ari ngombwa kugenzura imikorere isanzwe y'insinga ndetse n'umutekano w'ibintu byo hanze n'abantu. Insinga n'ibice by'amashanyarazi ni ibice bibiri by'ingenzi bigomba kuba bihari kugira ngo bibe ibikoresho by'insinga (usibye insinga zidafite icyuho).
Ibikoresho byo gukingira insinga ni iki: Mu nsinga n'insinga zo muri iki gihe, uburyo ibikoresho byo gukingira insinga bishyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: plastiki na rubber. Ibikoresho bya polymer ni byo byiganjemo, bigatuma habaho ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibicuruzwa by'insinga n'insinga bikwiye gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye no mu bidukikije. Ibikoresho byo gukingira insinga n'insinga bikunze gukoreshwa mu gukingira insinga harimo polyvinyl chloride (PVC),polyethylene ifatanye (XLPE), fluoroplastics, imvange za kabutura, imvange za ethylene propylene rubber, n'ibikoresho byo gukingira kabutura bya silikoni.
3. Imiterere y'insinga: Icyuma
Iyo ibikoresho by'insinga n'insinga bishyizwe kandi bigakoreshwa mu bidukikije bitandukanye, hagomba kubaho ibice bikingira ibicuruzwa byose, cyane cyane urwego rw'ubushyuhe. Uru ni urwego rw'ubushyuhe. Kubera ko ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bikenewe kugira ngo bigire imiterere myiza yo gukingira amashanyarazi y'ubwoko bwose, ni ngombwa ko ibikoresho bisukura cyane kandi bikaba bike cyane mu mwanda. Akenshi, ntibishoboka kwita ku bushobozi bwabyo bwo kurinda isi yo hanze. Kubwibyo, inyubako zitandukanye zirinda zigomba kuba zifite inshingano zo kwihanganira cyangwa kurwanya imbaraga zitandukanye za mekanike ziturutse hanze (ni ukuvuga, gushyiraho, aho bikoreshwa no mu gihe cyo kubikoresha), kurwanya ikirere, kurwanya imiti cyangwa amavuta, gukumira kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima, no kugabanya ibyago by'inkongi. Imirimo y'ingenzi ya mekanike ni ugukingira amazi, kudakoresha umuriro, kurwanya inkongi no gukumira ingese. Ibikoresho byinshi bya mekanike byagenewe ibidukikije byiza byo hanze (nk'ibidukikije bisukuye, byumye, n'iby'imbere bidafite imbaraga za mekanike ziturutse hanze), cyangwa abafite ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bifite imbaraga zimwe na zimwe za mekanike n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere, bashobora kudakoresha urwego rw'ubushyuhe.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma gikingira insinga? Ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'icyuma gikingira insinga birimo kabutura, pulasitiki, irangi, silikoni, n'ibindi bikoresho bitandukanye bya fibre, nibindi. Ibiranga urwego rukingira rubutura na pulasitiki ni ubworoshye kandi bworoshye, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mu nsinga zigendanwa. Ariko, kubera ko ibikoresho bya kabutura na pulasitiki bifite urwego runaka rwo kwinjira mu mazi, bishobora gukoreshwa gusa iyo ibikoresho bya polymeri nini bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amazi menshi bikoreshejwe nk'uburinzi bw'insinga. Hanyuma bamwe mu bakoresha bashobora kwibaza impamvu pulasitiki ikoreshwa nk'urwego rukingira ku isoko? Ugereranyije n'ibiranga icyuma gikingira insinga, icyuma gikingira insinga gifite ubushobozi bwo gukomera no koroha, kirwanya gusaza, ariko uburyo bwo kubikora buragoye cyane. Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza no kwirinda amazi, kandi bifite umutungo mwinshi, igiciro gito kandi byoroshye gutunganya. Kubwibyo, bikoreshwa cyane ku isoko. Abakora mu nganda bagomba kuzirikana ko hari ubundi bwoko bw'icyuma gikingira insinga. Ibikoresho by'icyuma ntabwo bigira gusa imikorere yo kurinda ibyuma ahubwo bigira n'imikorere yo kurinda yavuzwe hano hepfo. Nanone zifite imiterere nk'ubudahangarwa n'ingese, imbaraga zo gukanda no gukurura, ndetse no kudahangarwa n'amazi, bishobora kubuza ubushuhe n'ibindi bintu byangiza kwinjira mu gice cy'imbere cy'insinga. Kubwibyo, zikoreshwa cyane nk'ibipfundikizo by'insinga z'amashanyarazi zitwikiriwe n'amavuta kandi zidahangarwa n'ubushuhe bwinshi.
4. Imiterere y'insinga: Urusobe rw'insinga
Urupapuro rwo kurinda ni ingenzi mu bicuruzwa by'insinga kugira ngo umuntu agere ku gice cyo kwitandukanya n'amashanyarazi. Ntirushobora gusa gukumira ibimenyetso by'imbere bya electromagnetic kuva no kubangamira ibikoresho byo hanze, metero cyangwa indi mirongo, ahubwo runabuza imiraba ya electromagnetic yo hanze kwinjira muri sisitemu y'insinga binyuze mu guhuza. Mu miterere, urupapuro rwo kurinda ntirushyirwa inyuma gusa y'insinga ahubwo runabaho hagati y'insinga ebyiri cyangwa amatsinda y'insinga mu nsinga nyinshi, zikora "ecran zo kwitandukanya za electromagnetic". Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bitewe n'uko insinga z'itumanaho zigenda ziyongera no kurwanya kubangamira, ibikoresho byo kurinda byahindutse kuva ku mpapuro zisanzwe zakozwe mu byuma na kaseti za semiconductor kugeza ku bikoresho bigezweho nkakaseti za mylar za aluminiyumu, kaseti za mylar za foil y'umuringa, na kaseti z'umuringa. Imiterere isanzwe yo gukingira irimo ibice by'imbere bikingira bikozwe muri polimeri ziyobora cyangwa kaseti ziyobora, ndetse n'ibice by'inyuma bikingira nka kaseti y'umuringa ifunganye n'umuyoboro w'umuringa ufunganye. Muri byo, urwego rufunganye rukoresha cyane cyane umuringa ufunganye kugira ngo wongere ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe. Ku bintu byihariye bikoreshwa, nko gufunganya insinga zihindura imikorere hakoreshejwe kaseti y'umuringa + insinga z'umuringa, insinga z'amakuru zikoresha agace k'umuringa ufunganye + imiterere isobanutse, hamwe n'insinga z'ubuvuzi zikenera ibice by'umuringa bipfundikiye cyane. Nyuma yo kugaragara kw'igihe cya 5G, imiterere y'ubushyuhe bw'uruvange rwa kaseti ya aluminiyumu na plastiki hamwe n'insinga z'umuringa zifunganye yabaye igisubizo nyamukuru cy'insinga zikoresha amashanyarazi menshi. Imyitozo y'inganda igaragaza ko urwego rufunganye rwahindutse kuva ku nyubako y'inyongera kugeza ku gice cyigenga cy'insinga. Guhitamo ibikoresho byarwo bigomba gusuzuma byimbitse imiterere y'ubushyuhe, imikorere yo kugonda n'ikiguzi kugira ngo huzuzwe ibisabwa mu guhuza amashanyarazi mu bihe bitandukanye bikoreshwa.
5. Imiterere y'insinga: Imiterere yuzuye
Ibikoresho byinshi by'insinga n'insinga bifite insinga nyinshi. Urugero, insinga nyinshi z'amashanyarazi zifite voltage nkeya ni insinga enye cyangwa eshanu (zikwiriye sisitemu z'ibice bitatu), naho insinga za telefoni zo mu mujyi ziza mu matsinda 800, 1200, 2400 kugeza kuri 3600. Nyuma y'uko izi nsinga cyangwa ebyiri zishyushye zishyizwemo insinga (cyangwa zigashyirwamo insinga mu matsinda inshuro nyinshi), hari ibibazo bibiri: kimwe ni uko imiterere yazo atari izengurutse, ikindi ni uko hari icyuho kinini hagati y'insinga zishyushye. Kubwibyo, imiterere yuzuza igomba kongerwamo mu gihe cyo gushyiramo insinga. Imiterere yuzuza ni ukugira ngo umurambararo wo hanze w'insinga ube uruziga, ibyo bikaba byorohereza gupfunyika no gusohora icyuma, ndetse no gutuma imiterere y'insinga ihamye kandi imbere hagakomera. Mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha (iyo irambura, ikandagira kandi igonganye mu gihe cyo kuyikora no kuyishyiraho), imbaraga zikoreshwa kimwe nta kwangiza imiterere y'imbere y'insinga. Kubwibyo, nubwo imiterere yuzuza ari inyubako y'inyongera, nayo ni ngombwa, kandi hari amabwiriza arambuye ku guhitamo ibikoresho byayo n'imiterere yayo.
Ibikoresho byo kuzuza insinga: Muri rusange, ibikoresho byo kuzuza insinga birimo kaseti ya polypropylene, umugozi wa PP udakozwe mu budodo, umugozi wa hemp, cyangwa ibikoresho bihendutse byakozwe muri rabu yasubiwemo. Kugira ngo ikoreshwe nk'ibikoresho byo kuzuza insinga, igomba kuba ifite imiterere yo kudateza ingaruka mbi ku gice cy'imbere cy'insinga gipfundikiye, ntabwo ari hygroscopic ubwayo, ntabwo ikunda gushwanyagurika kandi ntigire ingese.
6. Imiterere y'insinga: Ibintu byo gukurura
Ibikoresho gakondo by'insinga n'insinga byishingikiriza ku gice cy'icyuma gikingira kugira ngo bihangane n'imbaraga zo gukurura ziturutse hanze cyangwa imbaraga zo gukurura ziterwa n'uburemere bwabyo. Imiterere isanzwe ni ibikoresho byo gukingira ibyuma n'ibikoresho byo gukingira ibyuma (urugero, ku nsinga zo munsi y'amazi, insinga nini z'icyuma zifite umurambararo wa 8mm zirakoreshwa kandi zigahindurwa kugira ngo zikore igice cy'icyuma gikingira). Ariko, kugira ngo birinde insinga z'amashanyarazi ku mbaraga nto zo gukurura no gukumira impinduka nke z'insinga zishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere yo kohereza, imiterere y'insinga z'amashanyarazi ifite inkingi y'ibanze n'iya kabiri ndetse n'ibice byihariye byo gukurura. Byongeye kandi, iyo insinga ya terefone igendanwa ifata imiterere aho insinga y'umuringa cyangwa kaseti y'umuringa yoroshye izungurutswa ku nsinga z'ibyuma kandi igice cyo gukingira gisohoka inyuma, iyi nsinga y'amashanyarazi ni yo ikoreshwa mu gukurura. Muri make, mu bicuruzwa bidasanzwe, bito kandi byoroshye byakozwe mu myaka ya vuba aha bisaba gukoreshwa kenshi mu gukurura no gukurura, ibintu byo gukurura bigira uruhare runini.
Ni ibihe bikoresho biri mu bikoresho byo gukurura insinga: uduce tw'icyuma, insinga z'icyuma, n'udupapuro tw'icyuma kitagira umugese
Igihe cyo kohereza: 25 Mata 2025